Treasured Trees Genealogy Services by Nicole Gallant-Nunes, Professional Genealogist

The Possible Origins of the Acadian Michel Haché dit Gallant and the Ongoing D.N.A. Analysis of Haché/Gallant Descendants Today

Written and published by Nicole Gallant-Nunes, Professional Genealogist, published April 2022, updated September 2026

As of September 4th, 2026, I have recorded a video of this research article from 2022 and included newly discovered information as of 2026, and made it available on my YouTube channel so please click this link to check that out: “The Possible Origins of the Acadian Michel Haché dit Gallant and the Ongoing DNA Analysis of Haché/Gallant Descendants Today.”

Foreword

   My name is Nicole Gallant-Nunes. I am a professional genealogist from the Northshore of Massachusetts. I have been involved in genealogical research for nearly twenty years now and I have come to specialize in French Canadian and Acadian research. As I worked diligently on my own family lines, I began to compile the information I was gathering from various sources, as well as adding my own research along the way and I have ended up with an enormous collection of records and documents that are essential for tracing our ancestors. You can probably guess why I have a deep interest in the Haché dit Gallant line, considering my maiden name. I decided to write an article to share this information with everyone, in hopes that it benefits you all in some way when it comes to your own research of the Haché/Gallant lines, as well as the other Acadian and French-Canadian lines that have intertwined over the generations.

   “The Possible Origins of the Acadian Michel Haché dit Gallant and the Ongoing DNA Analysis of Haché/Gallant Descendants Today,” published in April 2022, documents the verified facts of the life of Michel Haché dit Gallant, the progenitor of all known Haché–Gallant descendants. Because Michel’s origins remain unknown and have long been the subject of speculative and often unsupported theories, this research prioritizes original archival documents and reliable primary sources to accurately reconstruct his life in Acadia. In addition to documentary research, the study explores Michel’s possible origins through the DNA analysis of hundreds of Haché/Gallant descendants, collected and evaluated by Nicole over several years. By combining traditional genealogical methods with genetic evidence, the project offers new insights while clearly distinguishing established facts from hypotheses. Nicole presents historical evidence included in her research, explains the DNA findings to date, and discusses ongoing efforts and future directions aimed at reaching more definitive conclusions regarding Michel Haché dit Gallant’s origins for his descendants numbered in the hundreds of thousands.

   As you read through this article, the images and records I added can be a bit blurry and hard to see but you can click on the images to get a bigger and clearer view so that is important to know. The sources and citations are located at the end of this article and I have included links to the records and images I added here as well as ones I did not add due to a space issue. My article will always be available here and I'm happy to email a PDF file of the article to anyone who would like a copy, just email me at treasuredtreesbynicole@gmail.com and I will get that to you. You can also email me to take part in my ongoing DNA researching for Haché/Gallant descendants. Please reach out for more information. Thank you! -Nicole Gallant-Nunes

The Facts

Let's dive in and learn more about Michel Haché dit Gallant, the one who started it all and the reason we are all here today. Michel’s origins have been researched, speculated and re-researched repeatedly for centuries. Here is what we know for sure. We know our Michel was born sometime between 1660 and 1664 in Acadia. Where exactly is Acadia?[1] 'Acadia' can be a pretty broad term since it refers to and includes what is now present-day Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, parts of Quebec and Newfoundland in Canada, plus parts of Maine in the U.S. It was an extensive area. We believe that 'Acadia' in Michel’s records refers to Nova Scotia and some genealogists will narrow it down further to say it was likely around the area of Cape Breton, known as Île-Royale, and I will explain why in a bit.

[1] Map of Acadia in the 17th century

Michel Haché dit Gallant is first recorded in Beaubassin, an Acadian community that was located on the border of present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, in 1681. Michel is recorded as godfather to a 7-year-old Indigenous girl named Cecile[2]. Both of her parents were Indigenous. The spellings of their names into French or English are difficult to translate because these Indigenous names contain characters that we do not use in our alphabet, like the symbol ‘8’ correlating to a letter or sound in their Indigenous language. Michel's name here is recorded as Michel L'Archer dit Galand. Also on this page of records is the name of another man who is important to mention in reference to Michel's life. This man's name is Michel LeNeuf dit La Valliere. He also serves as a godfather to an Indigenous child around that same time, as does his son, Alexandre LeNeuf. So, remember Michel LeNeuf's name for now and I will talk more about him in just a minute.

[2] Michel as godfather to Cecile, age 7, Indigenous of Beaubassin

The next time Michel is recorded was when he served as godfather to a baby girl named Madeleine Michelle Mercier, who was baptized on April 27th, 1682, in Beaubassin[3]. On that record, he is mentioned as Michel L'Archer dit Galan. In 1683, Michel he was given orders by Michel LeNeuf dit La Valliere to arrest their fellow Acadian, Jean Campagna, who was accused of sorcery related to events occurring in the Beaubassin area since 1678[4]. At this time our Michel was described as an "active and intelligent young man named Haché Galand, who was his tradesman, his sergeant-at-arms and his confidant" when referring to his relationship with Michel LeNeuf dit La Valliere[5]. Michel appears again on October 7th, 1683 in Quebec when he was a witness to the marriage of Guyon/Dion Chiasson and his second wife Marie Madeleine Martin[6].

[6] and [7] Michel as witness to the Chiasson/Martin wedding and as godfather to their first child Angelique

We see Michel again a year later in Beaubassin records on October 27th, 1684, at the baptism of Angelique Chiasson, the first child born to his friends Guyon/Dion Chiasson and Marie Madeleine Martin, where Michel is named as her godfather[7]. His name is spelled Michel Gachet dit Galand on this record. This baptism interests me personally because Angelique Chiasson is my eight-times great-grandmother in another line of my tree.

Michel appears again on the 1686 Beaubassin census living with a man named Michel LeNeuf and his family[8]. He is the man that our Michel was just mentioned with above as being godparents to Indigenous children in 1681 in Beaubassin. On this 1686 census, Michel is listed as a 'domestique' or domestic servant within the LeNeuf household. His name is spelled as Michel Larché. He was single and 22 years old.

[8] Michel on the 1686 census living with the LeNeuf family in Beaubassin

   A few years later, Michel is recorded on the 1693 Beaubassin census with his name spelled Michel Haché, after he has gotten married and started a family[9]. His wife was named Anne Cormier and she was the daughter of Thomas Cormier and Marie Madeleine Girouard. We know that Michel and Anne married around 1690 but unfortunately, their marriage record has been lost to time. They appear again on the 1698[10], 1700[11], 1701[12] (as Achée), 1703[13] (as Galan), 1714[14] and 1715[15] Beaubassin censuses with their growing family.

   In 1720, Michel and his family are the first Acadians to settle in Port Lajoie in Prince Edward Island, where he becomes the harbormaster and a well-respected man in the community. He is recorded on the Port Lajoye censuses of 1728[16] (as Galand), 1730[17] (as Galand), 1734[18] (as Hachée and it looks like it says 78 years old) and 1735[19] (as Hache Galand). During these years, his children have begun to marry and have families of their own.

   Michel and Anne had 12 children together between about 1691 and about 1716.

   Their names were:

Michel, born about 1691, married Madeleine LeBlanc
Joseph, born about 1693, married Marie Gaudet
Marie, born about 1694, married first to Francois Poirier and second to Rene Rassicot
Jean Baptiste, born about 1696, married Anne Marie Gentil
Charles, born about 1698, married Genevieve Lavergne
Pierre, born about 1701, married Cecile Lavergne
Anne, born about 1703, married Joseph Pretieux
Marguerite, born about 1705, married first to Pierre Jacquemin dit Lorraine and second to Robert Hango dit Choisy
Francois, born about 1707, married Anne Boudrot
Marie Madeleine, born about 1710, married Pierre Duval
Jacques, born about 1712, married Marie Josephe Boudrot
Louise, born about 1716, married Louis Belliveau

I descend through 4 of these children: Pierre, Francois, Jacques and Louise. To have 12 children all survive into adulthood and be able to marry and start families of their own is remarkable for this time period.

Throughout the years, we see Michel mentioned in various records for baptisms, marriages, censuses and more, such as his occupation as a harbormaster and ship captain of his schooner ‘La Miscoudine’. In one circumstance, there is a page in the record book regarding three of Michel's children who all got married on the same day, in the same place. These marriages took place on June 20th, 1735, at Saint-Jean-L'Evangeliste in Port Lajoie, Prince Edward Island[20]. Michel's daughter Louise Haché married Louis Belliveau. Michel's son Francois Haché married Anne Boudrot. Michel's son Jacques Haché married Marie Josephe Boudrot (who was the sister of Anne marrying Francois). This record is extra special to me because I descend through all 3 of these unions. What a joyful day that must have been for the Haché dit Gallant family.

[20] The marriages of three Haché children in 1735

   We hear from the couple again in November of 1736 when Michel, Anne and their children enter contract of obligation for each of their children to pay Michel and Anne 10 pounds per year for the remainder of their lives to provide them income and stability as they are now very elderly.

   We also find records pertaining to Michel’s occupation as a harbormaster and ship captain of his schooner ‘La Miscoudine’ on which he transported goods and passengers to Louisbourg.

   In one correspondence, Michel writes:

   "I the undersigned, Captain of the La Joye harbour, commanding officer for the ship "La Miscoudine", contracted to transport to Louisbourg in 1721, Mr. de Beaucour, the King's Lieutenant of Ile Royale, and all of the fisherman owners of the boats and ships confiscated by Mr. de Gotteville on Ile-St-Jean and other passengers totaling 33 people, certify that I have made the trip and it did not cost anything for me nor for my crew and no costs were incurred for the ship because we left this port with a four to five days food supply. We had to travel for a period of nine days due to heavy winds. Mr. de Beaucour provided the rations for every body until we got to Louisbourg and he paid for every expense I had to make whether it be for my crew or for the passengers. He also paid for the table he gave to me, for which gesture I felt very honoured, and he also paid for some other small expenditures I had to incur somewhere else. Herewith signed this certificate in La Joye harbour this 13th of July 1723. signed Michel Haché"

   Michel Haché-Gallant's last signature recorded in Ile-St-Jean, was on March 3rd, 1737, at the baptism of his granddaughter Marguerite, daughter of his son Pierre. A month later on April 10th of 1737, the Haché dit Gallant family was struck with tragedy when Michel, then between 75 and 80 years old, fell through the ice on the North River and drowned. Researchers believe he may have been walking across the ice to help a stranded boat. On Michel's burial record, it states that Michel’s body was not recovered from the river until July 17th of that year, and he was buried in the harbor cemetery in Port Lajoie, the place he had made his home[21].

[21] The burial record of Michel in 1737

   Many of us descendants often ask why Michel, a very intelligent man with deep knowledge of his land, would venture out onto the thawing ice in April. I like to believe that he was out there helping someone in need, or perhaps providing for his family in some way. Maybe he was just taking a leisurely walk in his retirement years and stopped to think about his life and his family before fate took him. We can never be sure, but I hope he was at peace in that moment.

   We sadly don’t know with certain when or where Anne Cormier died. Her burial record was lost to time but it appears she was still living on January 10th, 1739 when daughter Marguerite married Robert Hango.

   Some of their children were tragically caught up in the expulsion that came years later.

Michel Jr. and his family were deported to France where Michel died in 1765. His surviving children later settled in Quebec and France
Joseph died in Acadia sometime between 1743 and 1747. His surviving children settled in France and a grandson settled in Louisiana.
Marie died in Acadia sometime before 16 Sep 1749. Her surviving children fled to Miramichi and some settled in France
Jean Baptiste died in Acadia before the 1752 census. His surviving children settled in France and one line resettled in Louisiana
Charles died sometime between 1761, when his daughter married in Ristigouche, and the 1763 census taken in PEI when his wife was a widow. His surviving children settled in France, Quebec, New Brunswick and PEI
Pierre died sometime before 3 Jun 1760. His surviving children settled in France and New Brunswick
Anne was deported to France and died there in 1763. Her surviving children settled in France then Louisiana
Marguerite died on December 13th, 1758 when the ship Violet sank at sea en route to France. Her children were lost with her, ending the descendancy of this line
Francois died sometime after 1763, the year his youngest known child was born. His surviving children settled in New Brunswick and PEI, becoming known as the 10 brothers of Rustico
Marie Madeleine died in 1758 at sea en route to France. Her children were lost with her, ending the descendancy of this line
Jacques died sometime after 1773 when he was recorded on the island of Miscou. His surviving children settled in the Madeleine Islands, New Brunswick and PEI
Louise died on October 20th, 1779 in La Rochelle, France, where she had been sent from the island of Miquelon not long before. Her surviving children settled in Miquelon, then France, then to PEI

There are currently 25 Haché-Gallant’s listed on my Acadian Expulsion Memorial List Project who are known to have died or are believed to have died during the expulsion period.

So, these are the facts we do know with certainty. What we do not know for sure are his origins prior to his life as a young adult living with the LeNeuf family in Beaubassin. Many researchers have scoured the same records I have, and this has culminated in the following most popular opinions on Michel’s origins.

The Theories

Theory One

Theory 1 has been the longest running theory until recently, due to several factors and that is that Michel may be the son of Pierre Larché or Larcher and Adrienne Langlois of Montpellier, France. There may have been a man named Pierre Larché working with Nicolas Denys in Cape Breton around the time that Michel was born. Nicolas Denys was a prominent man who ran a fishing and trading enterprise in that region. We know Pierre and Adrienne had at least one child, a daughter named Madeleine, who married a man named Elie Voisin in Quebec on October 15th, 1668[22]. What were Madeleine's origins? Well, Madeleine is reported to have been born in France with varying estimates of her year of birth ranging from 1648 to 1655[23]. While it is believed that her father was in Cape Breton for a while, we do not know if Madeleine ever came to Canada herself prior to the trip she took in 1668. She arrived in Quebec on the ship "La Nouvelle France" on March 3rd, 1668, as a Fille du Roi, which translates to Daughter of the King in English[24].

[22] Madeleine Larcher's marriage to Elie Voisin in October 1668

   The Filles du Roi, Daughter's of the King, were young women involved in a recruitment program, designed by the King of France at that time, to encourage French women to settle in the relatively new colony of New France where there was an abundance of men but quite not enough women. They needed couples to populate this new colony. While no Filles du Roi made their way directly to Acadia, Acadians can still have Filles du Roi ancestors in their tree if their lines from Acadia intersected with their lines from Quebec. Just like in the case of Angelique Chiasson I mentioned above. Her father was Guyon/Dion Chiasson, Acadian settler, and her mother was Marie Madeleine Martin, born in 1666 in Quebec to Pierre Martin and Joachine Lafleur, who was a Fille du Roi, like Madeleine Larché. Marie Madeleine Martin married Guyon/Dion Chiasson in Quebec on October 7th, 1683, when Michel Haché dit Gallant was a witness to their marriage, and they had four children together. Following her husband Guyon/Dion’s death just prior to the 1693 Acadian census, Marie Madeleine then married another Acadian, Michel Deveau dit Dauphine, and they had six children together[25], thus creating many Acadian lines that lead back to a Fille du Roi from Quebec.

   So, Madeleine signed up to be a Fille du Roi while she was in France and she received paid passage to Quebec as well as 300 livres as a dowry[26]. A witness at her wedding to Elie Voisin in 1668 raised some suspicion for researchers. The witness's name was Pierre Denys, the nephew of Nicolas Denys, of Cape Breton. As we know, Nicolas Denys's daughter Marie married Michel LeNeuf, the couple our Michel was living with as a young man.

   What made this interesting is there seemed to be a connection for Pierre Denys, a man from a prominent family, to be present at this wedding. If her father Pierre Larché worked for Nicolas Denys in Cape Breton, perhaps Pierre was there because he knew Pierre Larché and he knew this young girl Madeleine was his daughter. The marriage record shows that her father Pierre Larché had passed away before this wedding took place so perhaps Pierre Denys wanted to show support to Pierre's daughter or could the connection have been through Michel, since Michel Haché dit Gallant was living with Pierre Denys's cousin Marie in 1686 in Beaubassin, as she was married to Michel LeNeuf?

   If Pierre Larché was Michel’s father too and his father had passed away by 1668, that could explain why he may have been adopted into the LeNeuf family, but what about his mother? Adrienne Langlois, the wife of Pierre Larché, was not noted as deceased in October of 1668 when her daughter Madeleine married Elie Voisin. Why didn't she raise Michel if she was his mother? We do not know for sure when Adrienne died, so that is something to take into consideration. Did Pierre possibly have a relationship with a woman outside of his marriage?

Theory Two

This is currently the most promising theory. With new information being discovered, it appears to be the most plausible, and that is that Michel may be the son of Louis Haché and Marguerite Naviguan of La Rochelle, France. Louis also reportedly worked with Nicolas Denys in Cape Breton around the time Michel was born. Genealogists have since found baptism records for two of Louis and Marguerite’s children on December 2nd, 1668, in La Rochelle[27]. The baptism records state that these children were born on the Isle de L'Acadie. A son named Jean, aged 4 years old and a daughter named Marguerite, aged 19 months old. If Michel was their son, why wasn’t he baptized with his siblings back in France? Was he already baptized by a missionary in Acadia, so they did not think it was necessary? Something interested I noticed when looking at the original record was that it appears to say 1658 instead of 1668 in the first line of Jean's baptism. This may have been written in error, as the following records do say 1668, so I cannot put much weight behind the discrepancy, but if it really was 1658, Michel would not have been born yet. In 1668, Michel would have been between 4 and 8 years of age based on later censuses where he provides his age. We see no mention of Michel associated with this family at all, but we also do not have other evidence to disprove a connection either.

[27] The baptisms of the Haché children in La Rochelle

Researchers have found the pre-crossing will of Louis Haché, in 1659. It notes that Louis was a manual laborer residing at Cougnioux, in the parish of Nuaillé-sur-Boutonne in Poitou, aged 22 or thereabouts, being on the point of embarking on a ship to go to the land of Canada. He then names his father Jean as his sole heir. So in 1659, he is then single, and comes back to France married with at least two known children by late 1668. Presumably he met and married a woman while in Acadia and they were together long enough to have at least two known children. So we know Louis was from France but what were Marguerite’s origins? There certainly weren’t many women in the areas these men were working at the trading posts. Naviguan is certainly not a recognizable French surname. The question is…could she have been Indigenous?

Marguerite Naviguan died La Rochelle in September of 1669, less than a year after the baptisms of her children. Louis later remarried to a woman named Michelle Pégin and had at least 2 more children with her in France, two sons named Jacques and Rene. On the baptism record for son Jacques, the godfather is listed as Jacques Gallon, who was a merchant in La Rochelle. His father Pierre Gallon was involved in the shipping industry to Cape Breton. With Michel's 'dit' name being variations of Galan/Galand/Gallant, could this be another one of those strange coincidences that could sway us into thinking there is a possible connection here.

   So the Haché family is back in France by late 1668, so it is believed that if Michel was with them, he may have made his way back to Acadia alone, likely in his teenage years since he was godfather at a baptism in 1681, making him somewhere between 17 and 21 years old at that time. Perhaps it was military service that brought him back to Acadia, earning him a “dit” name, dit Gallant, that was often given associated with being a “nomme de guerre” or name of war, given to men in military duty.

   Another possibility is Louis could have possibly taken an indigenous 'wife' in Acadia and that union led to the birth of Michel and that he was never in France with his father at all. Could that have been a contributing factor for Louis and Marguerite leaving Acadia and going back to France?

   Some researchers note a coincidence in the letters compiled by the Jesuits in Acadia at that time. A letter states that a captive ‘Eskimaude’ woman, baptized with the Christian name of Marguerite, was taken from Labrador to Cape Breton around the time of Michel may have been born. How do we know she came from Labrador? The coordinates of the location are noted in the letter. The fact that this captive was given the Christian name of Marguerite makes some people believe she may have been Marguerite Naviguan, Louis Haché's wife, but again, this is just a theory. We have nothing to prove or refute this but it’s certainly interesting.

Theory Three

Michel may be the son of a Frenchman and an indigenous woman who was likely orphaned and possibly taken in by the LeNeuf family. There is a baptism record for a boy named Michel, aged eight years old, baptized in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec on April 24th, 1668[30]. This boy was mentioned as 'sauvage', the French terminology for an Indigenous male, and that his father was French, and his mother was ‘Eskimaude’/Eskimo. His godparents are Jacques LeNeuf dit La Poterie and his wife. Their son, Michel LeNeuf, is the man our Michel was living with in Beaubassin as a young man. Could this be the baptism of our Michel? Some genealogists say yes. Others say no. Others aren't too sure since we do not have any documents or records to prove where our Michel was before he was a young adult, but again, it is another one of those remarkably interesting connections.

[30] The copies of Michel 'sauvage' baptism records in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec in April 1668

   The following is a notation made by renowned Acadian genealogist, Stephen White, in his additions and corrections to his Acadian Dictionary first published in 1999. He writes: “Father Patrice Gallant’s supposition that his ancestor Michel Haché dit Gallant was the son of a Frenchman and an Amerindienne would have been based on some notes that Placide Gaudet took while interviewing members of the Gautrot family at Pres-en-Haut in November of 1884.

   Gaudet’s investigation was only carried out twenty years after the death of Pierre Gautrot at the age of 100, therefore it’s a strong possibility that the story the Gautrot’s kept came from him. Pierre was the son of Paul Gautrot and Anne Belliveau.

   Gaudet wrote that “a Belliveau of Port Royal emigrated to Ile St Jean where he married a Métis woman. The brothers of this Belliveau were offended and objected this for their brother. One of his daughters or granddaughters married old Gautrot”. Indeed, Anne Belliveau was the daughter of Louis Belliveau and Louise Haché. This was the Métis of Gaudet’s quote. Since Louise’s mother was Anne Cormier, the daughter of Thomas Cormier and Madeleine Girouard, who had no aboriginal blood, we must believe Louise was considered Métis because of her father, Michel Haché, hence the belief that he was the son of a Frenchman and an Amerindienne woman.

   It was this belief that Michel Haché was Métis that led Father Gallant to identify him with the child baptized with the first name Michel in the register of Trois-Rivieres, who’s father was a Frenchman and mother an Eskimo “from Acadia”. But how would there be a presence of an Eskimo in Acadia?

   A plausible interpretation of this last detail was offered to us by Denis Jean of Quebec. Monsieur Jean explained that the Montagnais were called ‘Little Esquimaux’ by the French at this time, so Michel’s mother could have been Montagnais.

   The presence of Montagnais in Cape Breton is fully attested by the Relations of the Jesuits. The third letter from the Acadian Mission mentions such a woman who was taken prisoner to Cape Breton Island by the Mi’kmaw shortly before October 16th, 1659.”

Several researchers and genealogists have said that there were no ‘Eskimaude’ natives in Acadia at that time but the letters from the Jesuit's above dispute that. There is also this map by Robert de Vaugondy depicting the Gulf of the St. Lawrence River and the islands and banks of Newfoundland made in 1749, which shows the land to the north that the French say was settled by 'Esquimaux'[31].

[31] Map with the land of the 'Esquimaux' to the north of Acadia

Is it unreasonable to think that a population of Indigenous people, located a relatively short distance away from Acadia, did not travel to Acadia at any time while the Europeans were settled there? Are they referring just to Nova Scotia when they are saying there were no 'Eskimaude' in ‘Acadia’? We know Acadia was a large region, so I feel like there needs to be some clarification there. Also, the French who were in this region making notes that they have not encountered these 'Eskimaude' people is just their account. Who is to say other French settlers were not regularly encountering this Indigenous population and just failed to document it, especially since most were illiterate? Perhaps the did record it but it was lost to time like so many other Acadian records. It is something to think about.

My question is that if this is our Michel baptized in Trois-Rivieres in April of 1668, why weren’t his parents mentioned? Louis Haché was a seemingly knowledgeable man, certainly capable of making sure important things were recorded, such as his will from a few years earlier before leaving France for Canada, so why wouldn’t his name be provided at least? We know Louis and Marguerite’s children were also baptized in 1668, in December back in La Rochelle, France listing their parents names, but Michel’s from April of that year notes no names? It’s these kinds of gaps in consistency that gives me a sliver of doubt.

So we’ve covered the three most popular theories so far, but the following theories are also found circulating online. I like to mention them as I’m often asked about them but so far, they don’t hold up to any scrutiny and really aren’t contenders.

Theory Four

Theory 4 is that Michel may be the son of Robert Haché from France. Robert arrived in Quebec in 1633 and he was a Jesuit donné, someone who signs a contract with the Jesuits to help the priests and brothers with their missionary work. He worked primarily with the Indigenous population so one theory is he may have conceived Michel with an Indigenous woman. The Jesuit journals mention Robert Haché several times and he is recorded on over twenty records for baptisms and marriages within Quebec, mostly in Trois-Rivieres and Sillery.

It's believed that he is a cousin of Marie Chapelier, second wife of Robert Drouin, who are also my ancestors. Robert Haché was present at their marriage contract on November 26th, 1649 and their marriage took place three days later in Quebec. The last record citing Robert was on a record is on July 27th, 1658 in Notre-Dame-de-Quebec. On September 12th, 1659, the Jesuits mention him for the last time stating "as for Robert Haché, it was decided that he should go away or come to an understanding with the other données”. Did Robert leave because of a conflict with his fellow missionary workers? Could he have made his way to Acadia where our Michel was born sometime between 1660-1664? We have no record of this but it's worth mentioning.

Theory Five

Theory 5 is that Michel may be the son of Jeanne Tchimewrinou, an Indigenous woman baptized in Trois-Rivieres on January 29th, 1636 at 17 years old. This would make her born around 1619. What makes us think this woman could possibly be Michel's mother? I'm not sure. It may have something to do with the fact that the witness/godfather at her baptism is named Robert Haché. This is the same Robert Haché I just mentioned. With no known connection to Robert Haché or Michel Haché dit Gallant, perhaps someone just assumed there was a link to the men because of the surname.

We know Michel reports several times on census records that he was born in Acadia. We have no record of Jeanne ever being outside of Quebec, in fact we have no further record of her at all except for this baptism. We don't know if she married or had children. Many times when someone's mother isn't known, she is given an honorific name to show respect, rather than just saying "unknown mother". Marie, Jeanne and Anne are traditionally the most common names given in these cases so perhaps 'Jeanne' was given as an honorific name to Michel's mother and then someone concluded that she must be Jeanne Tchimewrinou? Possibly, but we do not know of ANY connection between Jeanne and Michel.

Theory Six

Theory 6 is that Michel may be the son of Robert Haché and Marie Calliope Nistaouis, an Indigenous couple. In searching for other children baptized in Quebec with the surname Haché or Larché, I came across a baptism record for a boy named Abraham Haché on October 16th, 1667, in Sillery, Quebec written in Latin. His parents were Robert Haché and Marie Calliope Nistouis were noted as Indigenous. (Not to be confused with Robert Haché the Jesuit)

[40] Baptism of Abraham Hache in Sillery, Quebec in 1667

[41] Transcription of Abraham Hache's baptism record

What is interesting is that Abraham was baptized in Sillery at St-Joseph's Jesuit mission, which was a mission established to bring Christianity to the Indigenous population in the area, including many Montagnais people. You may remember I mentioned previously that the term 'Eskimaude' may have been the term that the French used when referring to the Montagnais, also called Innu.

When the record is translated from Latin, this baptism does not specifically say they were Indigenous, although the records from that mission in the surrounding years are predominantly for Indigenous people. The spelling of the names of the witnesses also leads us to believe they were Indigenous. The exceptionally reliable Canadian database PRDH (Programme de recherche en démographie historique) notes that Abraham and both of his parents as Amerindien/Amerindienne, which is another French term for Native American[41]. With Abraham Hache being born sometime around 1667 (the record does not mention his age at baptism), it could fit in the timeframe of Michel Haché dit Gallant's birth around 1660 to 1664, although Michel reported he was born in Acadia on census records. Could this family have moved from Acadia to Quebec around that time for some reason, just as the Indigenous population in Quebec were moving away from Sillery at that time?

In the book "Why Have You Come Here?" an excerpt from page 152 reads "Disease, fire, Iroquois attacks and cultural tradition combined to empty the village of the 120 Christian Indians that lived there in 1646. By the 1660's, the Jesuits in Sillery were caring for the French settlers of the village, the Indians having long abandoned the site"[42], but we know that records were still being recorded for the mission after 1660, including Abraham's baptism in 1667, so this book is not entirely accurate on that account since records show there were Indigenous people recording life events, such as baptisms, at this mission in Sillery at this time. The description of the Indigenous population in the vicinity of Sillery were noted as Montagnais by Recollect friar Gabriel Sagard[43]. Sillery is located about 80 miles from Trois-Rivieres where our Michel may have been baptized as an 8-year-old boy in 1668. Could this be Michel's biological family moving around and trying to find a good place to settle and raise their family?

Theory Seven

   Theory 7 is that Michel may be the illegitimate son of Michel LeNeuf. I'm not sure how this theory came about but perhaps it was because our Michel was living with Michel LeNeuf in his family on the 1686 Beaubassin census and they were considered close confidants. To see if there was anything to the theory I decided to try to track down the LeNeuf Y haplogroup DNA results but unfortunately there are no male descendants of Michel LeNeuf alive today to test to compare to Michel Haché dit Gallant's male descendant’s known haplogroup.

   Michel LeNeuf and his wife Marie Denis had seven children, four boys and three girls. The first three boys named Alexandre, Jacques and Jean Baptiste all died without marrying or presumably fathering children. The fourth son, Michel, married Renee Bertrand but they only had two daughters so no male to carry down the haplogroup information.

   Michel LeNeuf's parents were Jacques LeNeuf and Marguerite Lagardeur Darpentigny. They had three children, two were daughters and one son Michel so there are no other brothers to carry on the Y haplogroup inherited from him. I'm sure we could track down brothers of more distant LeNeuf ancestors but I didn't go too crazy with that research because there's really no reason to believe Michel Haché dit Gallant was biologically a LeNeuf.

Theory Eight

Theory 8 is that Michel may be the son of Michel Callant or Gallant who was listed as a passenger on the St-Jehan, a ship that arrived in Acadia from La Rochelle, France in 1636. He was noted as a laborer from Chinon, France, located northeast of La Rochelle. No further mention of this Michel can be found so it was presumed he returned to France at some point or died before the first Acadian census recorded in 1671. The same first name and similar spelling of the surname may be the reason he is included as a possible theory but I can find no connection between them.

I do not put much weight behind any of these additional five theories which are widely circulated with no reputable proof.

The Wrong Kind of Research

   The theories I listed above are well known throughout the genealogy community. If you Google “Michel Haché dit Gallant” there seems to be a lot of information about him, however it seems as if every article you read is then contradicted by the next article you find. If you really want to get confused, just look at some public family trees online or sites that allow random, undocumented, user-submitted content.

   Many websites and databases that come up with a search are reliable in the sense that we can trust them for the original records they hold within their databases but not for family trees, biographies and narratives which are user-submitted and not verified. Anyone can write anything they want without having to prove the information they are supplying.

   I say this with love and compassion because I know how easy it is to fall down a rabbit hole with false information. We've all been there, especially when you see something repeated hundreds of times online. If you learn anything from this article, it is that my number one rule and most important advice is do not, do not, do not trust any information that is not an original document translated by someone knowledgeable in the language it's written in or without confirming that the information is from a trusted and verifiable source. I have seen numerous records attached to people's family trees that have nothing to do with the person they are saving it to. Sometimes the name might be similar, but the dates are all wrong or the dates seem to line up, but the names are wrong, etc. simply because they could not read the language the record was written in but they assumed it was correct. Please be sure to check the validity and accuracy of all records and information you are finding.

   My motto is 'When in doubt, reach out.' Ask someone knowledgeable who will know if what you have found is from a reputable source or not. I am always happy to help. You are not bugging me, and I promise there are no silly questions. This is what I do all day, every day, and it only takes a minute to reply to you and make sure you are following accurate information. I am more than happy to do that. Many of you from various Facebook genealogy groups have reached out to me privately with questions before, and I hope you can confirm to everyone else that I am always available to assist you.

The D.N.A.

Firstly, it is important to mention that I came to my opinion based on a lot of research, not just of the documents and records we have all seen but also of the D.N.A. analysis I have conducted myself on hundreds of Haché dit Gallant descendants today.

In my opinion, I feel like it is reasonable to say that Michel was at least part Indigenous. I say partly because we know his paternal Y haplogroup is E-V13 based on his many direct male-line descendants who have tested today.

Y Haplogroup results showing E-V13 for male Haché/Gallant direct line descendants

[32] The distribution of Y haplogroup E-V13 (E1b1b1a1a1a)

   You can receive haplogroup results from 23 and Me, or through companies like FamilyTreeDNA which can really dive deeper into the details of haplogroup testing to offer some very specific results, but 23 and Me gives you a good general idea of your haplogroup assignment. We know that E-V13 is not a Native American haplogroup. It is found most commonly in the Balkan region, Europe, and the Middle East[32]. So we know at some point Michel's origins were not fully Indigenous on his father’s side, but what about his mother’s side? We have no way of knowing that, unfortunately. Just like we see with direct male line descendants being assigned a Y haplogroup from their paternal line, we can also test both women and men for their mitochondrial (MT) haplogroup to see what haplogroup they are assigned for the direct maternal lines. Males can have both their Y and MT haplogroups tested, but females can only have their MT haplogroups tested because females do not inherit the Y chromosome from their father's.

   I have tested with 23 and Me and my MT haplogroup result is U5b2a, which comes from my direct maternal line from southern Italy, but I am not assigned a Y haplogroup because I do not have a Y chromosome. While Michel did inherit his MT haplogroup from his mother, he cannot pass on that MT haplogroup since his daughters would inherit their MT haplogroups from their own mother, Anne Cormier. So, to know what Michel's MT haplogroup would have been, we would need to have solid evidence to prove that Michel had a sister who shared the same mother as him, since she would also inherit the MT haplogroup from their mother and be able to pass it down. That proven sister would then need to have a daughter, who had a daughter, who had a daughter, etc., to pass that MT haplogroup down, all the way until a woman alive today who could test her for MT haplogroup, and we just do not have that person.

   The two possible sisters we have for Michel are as follows: Madeleine Larché/Larcher, the daughter born to Pierre Larché and Adrienne Langlois, who married Elie Voisin in 1668 in Quebec. The PRDH database shows that Madeleine had three children, all daughters[33]. One daughter was named Marie Marguerite who was baptized in 1670. She married Urbain Girard dit Langevin about 1685 in Quebec. They then had two children together[34]. A son named Urbain, who died at around 6 years old, and a daughter Marie Madeleine who was baptized on December 18th, 1688, in Repentigny and died just a couple of weeks later and she was buried on January 5th, 1689. Marie Marguerite Voisin died on May 10th, 1693, at just 23 years old so this was the end of Marie Marguerite Voisin's female line.

[33] Madeleine Larcher and Elie Voisin's three children

Madeleine Larché had a second daughter with Elie Voisin, named Marie Charlotte. She married Jacques Batrio dit Stamand around 1687 in Quebec and they had 4 children together[35]. They had two sons and two daughters. The first daughter, named Marie Madeleine, died at about two years old. The second daughter, named Francoise Elisabeth, was baptized in 1695 and then there is no further record of her. No marriage or burial records has been found so it is presumed she died young and that her burial record was just lost to time. Their second child Pierre, baptized in 1690, also disappears from the records in this way but considering this couple had another son they also named Pierre, baptized in 1693, it can be assumed that the first Pierre died young and that his new brother was given the name Pierre in memoriam of his sibling, which was a common tradition. So, this was the end Marie Charlotte Voisin's female line.

[35] The children of Marie Charlotte Voisin, Madeleine Larcher's second daughter

   Madeleine Larché had a third daughter with Elie Voisin, but the same thing happened as I mentioned above. Their third daughter, named Renee, was baptized in 1674 and there is no further record of her so we must assume she died young as well. This effectively ends the direct female line of descendants for Madeleine Larché, possible sister of Michel. At this time, we do not know if there were more children born to Adrienne Langlois who possibly remained in France.

   The second possible sister of Michel is Marguerite Haché, the daughter of Louis Haché and Marguerite Navigan/Naviguan, who was baptized in La Rochelle in 1668 at 19 months old, but she died in La Rochelle in 1672 before she could have children of her own. This is the end of Marguerite Navigan's known female line. At this time, we do not know if there were more children born to Marguerite Navigan who possibly remained in France. Hopefully, more research about these families will become known at some point but at this time we do not have a confirmed or even presumed sister for Michel to conduct MT haplogroup testing on.

   Now that I have discussed Y haplogroup testing for direct male lines and mitochondrial testing for direct female lines, I want to talk a little about autosomal D.N.A. testing, which is the kind of D.N.A. results we get from companies like Ancestry, 23 and Me and other consumer companies. Autosomal D.N.A. testing is much more valuable to genealogists because more genetic information can be gathered from these results since we inherit 50% of our autosomal D.N.A. from each of our parents, who inherited 50% from each of their parents and so on. This type of testing is a great tool for finding close family members and even distant cousins, but it has limitations on how far back it can connect you to an ancestor or DNA matches, roughly 8 generations or so at very best, usually much less.

[A] The inheritance of Y DNA, Mitochondrial DNA and Autosomal DNA

[B] An example of how inheritance works via Ancestry Support, Understanding Inheritance

[C] Another example of how inheritance works by Jacinta Bowler

If you have D.N.A. tested and you look at a DNA match from your list, you will see that there is a number of centimorgans that you share with that person. When I view my relationship with my top D.N.A. match, who happens to be my son, I see that I share 3,446 centimorgans with him. Centimorgans are essentially units of genetic measurement. Think of them as we think of centimeters or inches to measure something, although the concept is slightly different for D.N.A. but that's just to give you an idea. There is a range of shared centimorgans that you would share with your parents, children, siblings, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, second cousins, etc. and the amount of centimorgans shared gets lower and lower as the connection gets further apart.

                                   The amount of centimorgans I share with my son

   Looking at your shared centimorgans in common with a D.N.A. match is a great way to figure out how you may be related, but you must keep in mind that you are inheriting random bits and pieces of your parents D.N.A. (and grandparents, great-grandparents and further) and your distant cousins may not inherit the same bits and pieces from your shared ancestors due to differences in inheritance patterns. To put it into perspective, about 90% of your third cousins will share D.N.A. with you. Third cousins would share great-great-grandparents with you. At 90% of the time, that's a pretty consistent connection to find in your match list, however that percentage drops significantly just one generation back since only about half of your fourth cousins will share D.N.A. with you. Fourth cousins will share a set of great-great-great-grandparents with you. That means you will not always share D.N.A. with someone, even if you share the same ancestors just a few generations back. When you get down to the last straw connecting you by D.N.A., only 1% of your 8th cousins will share D.N.A. with you, even though you know you share common ancestors several generations back[36].

   A great free tool you can use to see what relationship you may have with a D.N.A. match is the Shared cM Project tool by DNAPainter[37]. There is a chart that shows you the range of centimorgans that you can share with someone with a specific relationship to you. For example, I mentioned that I shared 3,446 centimorgans with my son. You would see that amount falls right in the middle of the range that people typically share with a parent or child, but it also tells you that the amount you share can be as low as 2,376 centimorgans and as high as 3,720 centimorgans for that known parent/child relationship. You can also input your own number into the box to see what the estimated relationship will be at that range of shared centimorgans.

[37] The Shared cM Project on DNAPainter

To give you an example, if I input 300 into the search box, I could see all the possible relationships that I might share with someone I have D.N.A. match with at 300 centimorgans. It then highlights the possibilities in the chart for me and gives me a percentage to show the likelihood of that predicted relationship being correct. It shows I have a 57% chance of matching this person at 300 centimorgans as a half great-great-niece or nephew, a half great-great aunt or uncle, a second cousin, a half first cousin one time removed or a first cousin two times removed. That does not prove my relationship to this D.N.A. match, but this can help me narrow down the possibilities. I know at 300 centimorgans that this cannot be my parent, grandparent, aunt, or uncle, for example. If you know the D.N.A. match is about the same age as you, you can rule out the possibility that they are your half-great-great aunt or uncle, and you would think they would be more likely to be your second cousin instead. There are a lot of ways to figure out predicted relationships, but this is a very helpful tool.

My Research

So now that we know a bit about D.N.A., how can we use autosomal D.N.A. to connect us to Michel and possibly help figure out his origins? Well, I have studied the D.N.A. results of hundreds of Haché/Gallant descendants today who have tested. How did I do that? I simply asked people to share their D.N.A. ethnicity results and D.N.A. matches with me so I could study and research them. When I did, something remarkably interesting has shown up. I started this research several years ago, back when the ethnicity reports provided by D.N.A. companies were still relatively broad. Some of you may have tested that long ago and noticed how precise and detailed the reports have gotten over the years. Just a few years ago in 2017, France was not even a category you could be assigned to. It was just simply included in the Europe West category or spread out into Ireland/Scotland/Wales, Great Britain and Iberian Peninsula.

My ethnicity reports from Ancestry through the years 2016-2022

Now the tests are being fine-tuned and becoming much more accurate and specific. But even back then, when the D.N.A. results were much more broadly categorized, I noticed that many Haché/Gallant descendants showed small amounts of Native American D.N.A. and if you are familiar with the history of Acadia; you know that intermarriage between the French and the Indigenous population was not too uncommon. There are many documented unions. I have several in my own family tree, so that wasn’t too surprising to see a little mix in the ethnicity reports. It actually makes me happy that those little bits of our ancestors still show up in our D.N.A. today.

As the analysis of our D.N.A. has gotten more detailed and precise, Ancestry has been able to isolate Native American D.N.A. from all the way down in South America, through Central America and the outlying islands, and up into North America. There are many categories and regions someone can be assigned to now. They have now been able to separate the North American continent into three separate categories for Indigenous Native Americans. One category was Indigenous Americas-North, now called Indigenous Canada & the U.S., which encompasses all of North America from Mexico, through the United States, to the Canadian Arctic. This is the broadest category since it covers the whole continent, but they have also been able to separate Mexico from the continental U.S., as well as separate the Canadian Arctic and Alaska from the continental U.S. The Indigenous Canada & the U.S. category has a whopping 2,000 reference samples in their reference sample panel[38].

The Indigenous America's regions on Ancestry

The Indigenous Americas - North region on Ancestry

   A reference sample is a D.N.A. sample that's collected from someone somewhere in the world with known ancestry in that same general location for at least the last several generations. Those collected samples are then used as references to compare your D.N.A. against when they run your sample. Essentially, your D.N.A. will be run through their program to calculate your ethnicity report and you will read it as “Your D.N.A. most closely resembles the people in this panel who we know have ancestry from -this region- for at least the last several generations” and they will assign that portion of your D.N.A. to that country or category.

   Ancestry's reference sample database has an incredible amount of Indigenous American samples to compare our D.N.A. against. Over 15% of their reference sample panel is made up of Indigenous American samples with 27,860 Indigenous samples out of 185,063 samples total from all over the world. Indigenous Cuba has nearly 10,000 reference samples from people with Indigenous roots from that small island! They actually have more reference samples from Cuba than they do for all of Russia, which is a vast region! They also have some very specific regions and genetic communities within the Indigenous America's categories that you could potentially be assigned to which is amazing.

   The Indigenous Mexico category for North America has 581 reference samples from people whose Native American ancestry has been in the area of Mexico and the southwestern U.S. for the last several generations. Then there is the Indigenous Arctic category. Ancestry has managed to collect 24 reference samples from people living in the arctic with known Indigenous ancestry from that region for at least the last few generations. These people are from some pretty remote populations. Now this reference sample number did go down from 36 samples since the last update, so hopefully they will add more samples soon.

   What I found most interesting over the last few years when Ancestry has been able to separate these indigenous samples into distinct regions is that a lot, and I mean a lot, of Haché/Gallant descendants were showing traces of Native American, Indigenous Americas-Canada and U.S. and more specifically, Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. How in the world did that get there? How is it connected to our Haché/Gallant lineage? I asked myself those very questions, and I began digging.

The region covered by the Indigenous Arctic region on Ancestry

I descend through 4 of Michel’s children: Pierre, Francois, Jacques, and Louise. My great-grandparents, two-times great-grandparents, three-times great-grandparents and four-times great-grandparents were all Gallant’s who married each other. They were all distant cousins to each other, but they still all descended from Michel, so I knew I had to look at other people’s results to get a better picture. So, I reached out to these other Haché/Gallant D.N.A. matches and I introduced myself. I explained that I was a genealogist and that I was particularly interested in their Haché/Gallant lines, as well as their Indigenous Americas-North/Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. results. They offered to share their results with me, and I researched the lines of a couple dozen people to start, which has grown to hundreds of results currently.

Examples of Haché/Gallant descendants through several different children of Michel's showing Indigenous Arctic D.N.A.

Each of the matches I examined had Haché/Gallant ancestry not too far back in their family trees. I specifically looked for people who descended through different children of Michel’s. He had twelve children with Anne Cormier, so ideally, I wanted to track down someone’s D.N.A. who had descended through each child. I started with my own D.N.A. matches and made sure I could find people descended from each of the four children of Michel's that I descend from. I then asked to see the D.N.A. results and D.N.A. matches of people descending from the other children of Michel that I did not have in my own tree. Sure enough, I was able to find descendants of most of Michel’s children alive today and many of them showed the Indigenous Arctic ethnicity result. It was more common to see the Indigenous Arctic result or Indigenous America's-North result if they had a lot of Haché/Gallant intermarriage in their tree. I usually did not see those results show up consistently in people who only one or two Haché/Gallant lines much further back in their tree.

I then thought about how interconnected Acadians are. We are a very endogamous population and most of us share many of the same ancestors. How do we know that this Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. didn’t come from a different shared relative? I didn’t at first, so I examined my own tree and noted my other known Indigenous lines where I may have inherited this D.N.A. from and I then compared it to the documented trees of my DNA matches and various other people with Haché/Gallant ancestry and we didn’t often share the same known Indigenous ancestors. Occasionally I would see one of my known Indigenous ancestors in someone else's tree but very rarely. Perhaps one tree out of twenty, for example. In many cases, these other people didn’t have any other documented Native American ancestors in their tree.

[D] Pedigree collapse vs. Endogamy in a family tree

The only consistent connection I could find was through the Haché/Gallant line. The reason I emphasized documented trees before is because anyone can create a family tree. It is quite easy to go onto a genealogy site, like Ancestry, and input the information you know about your family and then add more generations going back, but how do we know their tree is correct? What if someone has built their tree based on a random public family tree they stumbled across, many of which contain errors? How would you know their tree is correct according to the paper trails at least? Well, I had to examine their existing trees for validity or sometimes build their family trees myself if they hadn't started one yet. I wanted to make sure that, in terms of paper trails, they had the right information leading back to these Haché/Gallant ancestors.

I am sure there are genealogists and researchers that would say “but autosomal D.N.A. can’t connect you to an ancestor that many generations back” and I would agree. It is highly unlikely that one Native American ancestor several generations back would be able to contribute to your D.N.A. today. It should have diluted out by now, especially if your most recent relatives were predominantly European like mine were. However, they likely aren’t taking into account the endogamy and pedigree collapse of most Acadians. We usually do not descend through one ancestor just once. We typically descend through one ancestor several times. My own tree is a perfect example with several generations of Gallant's intermarrying. This was actually very common. The D.N.A. that should have diluted out by the time it reached my generation has been carried down and reinfused into my D.N.A. over and over again, as is the case of so many others.

Four generations in my tree of Gallant's marrying Gallant's as distant cousins

Can I say that the Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. many of the Haché/Gallant descendants, show today can be concretely proven to come from Michel? No. Can I say that thousands of Haché/Gallant descendants show Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. today and there is no other way to explain it except for the fact that we all descend from Michel Haché dit Gallant? Yes.

In my own D.N.A. match list, I found many D.N.A. matches ranging from fourth to distant cousins who are 100% Indigenous Arctic, sharing anywhere from 50 centimorgans down to 6 centimorgans with me, and by many, I mean hundreds by now. New 100% Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. matches show up almost weekly in my match list. Some are from Indigenous communities in Newfoundland and Labrador. Some are from the Northwest Territories and some more distant matches are even from Alaska, but I would say a solid 95% of them are from Nunavut and Nord-du-Quebec.

Examples of fourth to distance D.N.A. cousins who are 100% Indigenous Arctic

[E] The provinces of Canada

I have reached out to many of these matches and most who replied or agreed to chat with me were self-identified Inuit people who knew their ancestry to only be Inuit for several generations preceding themselves. None of the matches I have spoken to knew of any European ancestors in their family trees. Many of them have told me they had lived in Inuit communities their whole lives, as did their parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc. The only connection we shared in common was the Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. In looking through the D.N.A. match lists of other Haché/Gallant descendants, I found many of these same people in their D.N.A. match lists, with no other way of connecting them to the people who tested. So many of us shared these same 100% Inuit D.N.A. matches and we all share these Haché/Gallant lines. What exactly is the connection?

One theory I have is that these predominantly Inuit D.N.A. matches descend through a sibling or half-sibling of Michel’s. Perhaps that sibling stayed within the Indigenous community for the rest of their lives and their descendants intermarried within the Indigenous population, while Michel was adopted into the French community as a child, or he made his way into the French community as an adult. For many of us, Michel is several generations back in our family trees. If you descend through just one line from Michel, it is less likely that you would show any Indigenous D.N.A. from him today, but for those of us related to him several times, many of us still show that D.N.A. in relatively small amounts, usually under 5%.

[F] Maps of Nunavut and Nord-du-Quebec with the most common locations of the 100% Indigenous Arctic DNA matches marked with a red star

Another possibility is that there was a non-paternal or adoptive event somewhere in the Haché/Gallant line, but as I mentioned previously, I made sure to find descendants from most of Michel’s children to compare D.N.A. with. Let’s say I only noticed this Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. in descendants of Michel’s son Francois, but not in descendants of Michel's other children. That would make me believe that it wasn’t Michel himself that had this Indigenous ancestry but that it was likely picked up in just Francois’s lineage or somewhere through one of his children, but that wasn’t the case. The Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. was noted in most of Michel’s descendants through different children, which means it either came from Michel or from his wife Anne.

Researchers are confident about Anne Cormier’s origins, which have now been confirmed with haplogroup testing, so we can rule her out as the possible contributor. Based on the DNA results of several direct line descendants of both of her parents, we see that her father Thomas Cormier, son of Robert Cormier and Marie Peraud of France, passed down the Y haplogroup of “J” to his direct male line descendants and that her mother Marie Madeleine Girouard, daughter of Francois Girouard and Jeanne Aucoin, passed down the mT haplogroup of “H”, both of which are not Indigenous in origin.

Another possibility is that Michel took an Indigenous 'wife' at some point and had a child or children with this woman. Those children would have likely remained with their mother within the Indigenous community and carried down a connection to Michel all those generations earlier but again, we have no proof of this either.

The Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. has now become like a signature/hallmark/fingerprint, call it what you will, of Haché/Gallant ancestry. As of now, there have been about thirty clients I have helped with their family trees who had no idea they had Haché/Gallant ancestry at first. I would notice the Indigenous Arctic in their ethnicity results, and I would ask them where that may have come from with no explanation to their knowledge, only to find out later through research that they had a close relationship to a Haché/Gallant. I have even helped adoptees or people with non-biological events in their family trees find their biological Haché/Gallant ancestry with the help of the Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. or the E-V13 Y haplogroup.

Does all this prove that Michel was partly Indigenous and likely had some biological origins to the Canadian Arctic? Not conclusively, but with such a strong correlation found, it is definitely something that should be researched further. As of now, I do not know of any other large-scale research into the D.N.A. analysis of Michel’s descendants so hopefully this article will bring about insight from other genealogists and researchers to possibly collaborate our efforts into a more professional study at some point in the future.

Just in the last decade alone, the field of genetic genealogy has skyrocketed into the mainstream. People are using D.N.A. and online genealogy databases to locate their biological families every day from the comfort of their own homes. Records and documents are being digitized and uploaded to genealogy databases to make so much more information available to people all across the world when location and distance used to hinder research substantially. I always tell people that was is a dead-end today could be solved tomorrow thanks to all the technology we have access to now.

Through the work of genealogists and researchers that have come before me, each of us tend to lean a bit more towards one theory of Michel's origins than another. Honestly, I can see the potential in all of these possibilities for being plausible in regards to who his father was. I can see how his father may have been Pierre Larché, Louis Haché or some other European man in Acadia at the time, however I'm steadfast in the belief that his mother was more than likely Indigenous for the reasons I explained with my D.N.A. research. Do you have a theory in mind that you think might be more plausible than the others?

So where does this leave us?

   What we know for sure is that we have the various records and censuses of Michel from about his late-teens to early 20’s up until his death in 1737.

   The newest DNA information we now have is concrete proof that Anne Cormier was European, with no Indigenous ancestry detected in her direct paternal Cormier line or her direct maternal Girouard line, leaving the only possible Indigenous connection to husband Michel.

   We have the newly discovered baptisms of the children of Louis Haché and Marguerite Naviguan in La Rochelle, France, in 1668 stating that they were born in Acadia. While we can’t prove with absolutely certainty that Louis and Marguerite were Michel’s parents, this is definitely the best fitting scenario. Perhaps Y-DNA testing of male descendants of a potential shared paternal lineage of Louis Haché in France could be done at some point to conclusively show a relationship. Until then, we have this powerful circumstantial evidence tying this particular family to Acadia when Michel would have been born.

   I’ve also done more research on many more Haché-Gallant descendants, both researching and confirming their family trees, as well as analyzing their DNA results and DNA matches. All of which continues to be consistent with what I have been seeing over the last several years…that unrelenting presence of a connection to the Indigenous Arctic. I’m currently in touch with some members of the FamilyTreeDNA team to help find potential matches for further triangulation studies which look very promising at connecting Haché-Gallant cousins at the same genetic locations within our chromosomes and tying them to the Arctic portions, so if you are a descendant and would like to volunteer your family tree and DNA results for analysis that would be amazing, please let me know.

   I’m also hoping to find a population geneticist who will take on the project of analyzing the DNA of hundreds of willing descendants in order to try to deeply investigate the nuances of our genetics to hopefully pinpoint something for us in the future. If anyone knows of an organization or university that may be interested in taking this on, please let me know. I’d love to see what options are available out there.

   What’s still missing is concrete information as to Michel’s ethnicity. Except for the baptism record of the Indigenous boy named Michel in Quebec in 1668, whom we have no way of knowing if he’s our Michel or not, he’s never referred to as Indigenous on any records found to date, nor are any of his children. But with the loss of most Acadian records from that time period, it’s possible that some record may have mentioned something pertaining to his origins, or maybe not, but most were tragically lost to time.

   We also have family lore and oral histories that have been passed down through Acadian lines that have alluded to the fact that there was an Indigenous ancestor in their family tree, stemming from the Haché-Gallant line. I never like to discount family stories as they can hold some truth, but I’m also cautious to accept them as fact, as we all remember being young kids and playing the game of telephone with a group of friends where something is whispered into one kid’s ear and then it’s whispered one by one through the group until it gets back to the original person and they compare what was first said to what the final result was. It’s common for stories to change a bit, whether things are added or lost through the years, so we really have to take family lore with a grain of salt but it IS interesting to hear this “story” from different families. Most of them came from a time before the internet when various theories and rumors were being spread around so what are the odds of the same kind of story being passed down, right?

While Michel IS noted as Indigenous or Metis in some publications based on the research conducted many years ago that I’ve mentioned today, at this time I don’t believe Haché-Gallant descendants are able to apply for status in Canada due to the lack of paper trails, which are usually required for enrollment. Of course I don’t know the policies for every nation so if someone does know more about this specifically, I’m interested to know more so please reach out with any information.

You can see why genealogists cannot agree on just one theory for Michel’s origins. Just as soon as you think one scenario fits, you realize that it can be easily dismissed or debunked by a simple fact or another theory. You move on to the next scenario and think “Well, this seems to fit” only to be shown a way that it doesn’t quite match up perfectly. This happens over and over again. So, the real question is, what would it take to prove Michel’s true origins once and for all? We would have to locate human remains from that time period, prove that those remains are Michel's and conduct further D.N.A. testing. As much as I would hate to disturb the final resting places of our ancestors, the genealogist in me would love to be able to see the results of these tests if they ever take place. If this endeavor were proposed, there would likely be issues with legality, ethicality, religion, cost and so many other ramifications so who knows if that will ever actually happen, but one can hope!

Many people who aren’t interested in genealogy will often say, “Who cares? That’s so far in the past. What difference does any of this make?” and the honest answer is, I suppose it doesn’t really matter in the broad sense of things. Does knowing Michel’s origins change our lives in any way? Probably not. But deep down, many of us have a desire to know where we come from and to know all the little parts that make us....us! The fact that Michel has so many descendants alive today is incredible. You can’t help but wonder if he and Anne sat together overlooking their homestead in Port Lajoie in their old age and could even begin to imagine the legacy they would leave behind.

[G] Haché dit Gallant historical site. Photo credit: Cosmos Mariner, July 18, 2019

The homestead has been examined over several decades, with multiple artifacts located and preserved by Parks Canada and on display at the Acadian Museum in Miscouche, PEI which include fragments of pitchers and bowls, bricks, a coin, 18th century window glass, a woman’s shoe buckle and even a French bronze medallion from the reign of Louie the 15th, found in the cellar of the Haché-Gallant homestead. Just fascinating. It’s amazing to think that these items were possibly in the hands of our ancestors 300 years ago.

Acadians are such a passionate and close-knit group. We care deeply about our ancestry and those who came before us. We are always searching for our connections to others and welcome everyone as family, no matter how distant the relation. We have a desire to know the intricate details of our ancestors’ lives; not just the names and dates, but the trials and tribulations, the overwhelming joy, and the heartache they experienced. It makes them more human, and it makes us, as their descendants, more appreciative of the fact that we are beyond fortunate to be here. The Acadian Expulsion was a horrific time for our ancestors. When you really understand the depths of what they went through, you really come to understand what a miracle it is that any of us are here today. To say we come from immensely hardy stock is an understatement.

Acadian flag. Vive l'Acadie!

I want to thank the amazing group of cousins we’ve gathered as descendants of Michel Hache dit Gallant and Anne Cormier, who have kindly shared photos of their ancestors, relatives or of themselves, as we share stories about our loved ones and come together as one big family no matter the distance. If anyone is interested in joining our group we have close to 1,700 descendants so far and it’s available on Facebook under the name “Descendants of Michel Hache dit Gallant and other Acadians”. Now I know I’m biased, but look how beautiful and handsome these folks are.

So I’m curious to know your thoughts of what you believe Michel’s origins could be. Which theory sounds the most likely to you? Or do you have a totally different theory that you’d like to share? I’d love to know in the comments.

Afterword

I hope this article has been informative and helpful. I would like to show deep gratitude and appreciation to all the experienced genealogists and researchers who have come before me and paved the way.

You can email me at treasuredtreesbynicole@gmail.com with questions, comments, thoughts, suggestions for corrections, requests for more information or to participate in my ongoing D.N.A. research of Haché/Gallant descendants.

If you would like to join the Facebook group ‘Descendants of Michel Haché dit Gallant and other Acadians', we would love to have you. I ask that if you share this article, in part or in its entirety, that you please be sure to include my name and contact information so others will be able to reach me and know where this information has originated. Thank you!

Contact Information for Nicole Gallant-Nunes

Email: treasuredtreesbynicole@gmail.com

Facebook group 'Descendants of Michel Hache dit Gallant and other Acadians': https://www.facebook.com/groups/481995026864126

This article and other Acadian and French-Canadian projects: progenealogistnicole@blogspot.com

Links to other projects, lectures and appearances are noted on my WikiTree biography: https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Gallant-2510

Nicole Gallant-Nunes

Sources and Citations

Note: Some links to records do require a free or paid membership to view however, I tried to offer as many free options as possible.

[1] Map, Acadia in the 17th century, acadian.org

https://www.acadian.org/definitions.html

[2] Re: Michel L'Archer dit Galan, godfather, baptism of Cecile (Indigenous) (left page, second record from bottom) and Michel LeNeuf dit La Valliere, godfather, baptism of Indigenous child (Left page, fourth record from the bottom) and the baptism of his own daughter Barbe LeNeuf (right page, fifth record from the top). GenealogyQuebec.com, Drouin Collection records folder > Acadie > Lieux de A a' Q > Acadie et Gaspesie > 1680-1756, image # d1p_31400849.jpg. Accessed April 2022

https://www.genealogiequebec.com/membership/voir.aspx?id=H:/Registres/Acadie/Lieux%20de%20A%20%C3%A0%20W/Acadie%20et%20Gasp%C3%A9sie/1680-1756/d1p_31400849.jpg

[3] Re: Michel L'Archer dit Galan, godfather at the baptism of Marie Madeleine Mercier, Archives Publiques Canada, Acadie et Gaspesie, 1679-1686, 1751-1757. Registres de l'etat-civil. Catholique. (F.M. 9, B 8, volume 1), Parish registers: Nova Scotia, C-3021, Image 17. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c3021/17

[4] Re: Michel Haché dit Gallant's arrest of Jean Campagna. Yarmouth Vanguard, Jean Campagna, The Sorcerer, Tuesday, May 29, 1990, Le Musée des Acadiens des Pubnicos et Centre de recherche is owned and operated by the Société historique acadienne de Pubnico-Ouest. Accessed April 2022

https://museeacadien.ca/en/jean-campagna-the-sorcerer/

[5] Re: Description of Michel. Rameau de Saint-Pere, Edme. Une Colonie Féodale en Amérique L'Acadie (1604-1881), Wentworth Press (July 30, 2018), Print, page 171.

https://books.google.co.zm/books?id=ZrTW1dEWkkcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false

[6] Re: Michel Haché dit Gallant, witness to the marriage of Guyon/Dion Chiasson and his second wife Marie Madeleine Martin. White, Stephen A., Patrice Gallant, and Hector-J Hébert. Dictionnaire généalogique des familles Acadiennes. Moncton, N.-B.: Centre D'études Acadiennes, Université De Moncton, 1999, Print, page 349.

[7] Re: Michel Haché dit Gallant, godfather at the baptism of Angelique Chiasson. Canada, Québec, registres paroissiaux catholiques, 1621-1979," database with images, FamilySearch.org, Localités multiples > Localités multiples > Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures 1662-1848 > image 294 of 1689; Archives Nationales du Quebec (National Archives of Quebec), Montreal. Images 293 and 294 of 1689. Accessed April 2022

https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G99S-FHHP?i=293&cc=1321742&cat=48643

[8] 1686 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Image 51 of 312, Re: Michel Larché. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/51

[9] 1693 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Image 104 of 312, Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/104

[10] 1698 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Images 144 and 145 of 312, Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/144

[11] 1700 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Images 144 and 145 of 312, Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/171

[12] 1701 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Image 203 of 312, Re: Michel Achée. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/203

[13] 1703 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Image 219 of 312, Re: Galan. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/219

[14] 1714 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Images 144 and 145 of 312, Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/254

[15] 1715 Beaubassin Inhabitants present at the Proclamation of the King of England to the Crown on March 28, 1715 Men only. Acadie, 1715 census, Public Archives Canada, Colonial Offices, Nova Scotia "A" Vetch and Cauffield, 1715, MG II N.S. "A" Vol. 6. Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, Original Correspondence (CO 217) : C-9120, Image 651 of 1770. Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c9120/651

[16] 1728 Port LaJoie, Isle-St-Jean census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2574, Image 236 of 709, Re: Michel Haché Galand. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2574/236

[17] 1730 Port LaJoie, Isle-St-Jean census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2574, Image 243 of 709, Re: Michel Galand. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2574/243

[18] 1734 Port Lajoie, Isle-St-Jean census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2574, Image 260 of 709, Re: Michel Hachée. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2574/260

[19] 1735 Port Lajoie, Isle-St-Jean census: Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2574, Image 236 of 709, Re: Michel Hache Galand. Accessed April 2022

https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2574/271

[20] Re: Three marriages of Haché children. anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr, Canada, Ile Saint-Jean (Port-La-Joye) 1735. Accessed April 2022

http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/caomec2/osd.php?territoire=CANADA&commune=ILE%20SAINT-JEAN%20(PORT-LA-JOYE)&annee=1735

[21] Re: Michel Haché burial. Registres Photographies aux Archives d'Ottawa, Ont., 1721 a 1751, Ile St. Jean registers via Ancestry.com. Accessed April 2022

https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/155822545/person/112056491329/media/b6ae92b8-906f-47e8-8dab-9fd16225fe2d?_phsrc=CUL52678&_phstart=successSource

[22] Re: Madeleine Larcher marriage to Elie Voisin. Ancestry.com. Quebec, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1968 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2008. Original data:Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin. Accessed April 2022

https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/62016168:1091?tid=&pid=&queryId=9cfb593e972afc3b6e6c5a7afbdbfb2b&_phsrc=CUL52701&_phstart=successSource

[23] Re: Madeleine Larcher, Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Couple] record # 5493. Accessed April 2022

[24] Re: Madeleine Larcher arrival and ship information. Migrations.fr. Filles Du Roi > L

https://www.migrations.fr/700fillesduroy_3.htm#L

[25] Re: Marie Madeleine Martin and her Acadian husbands. White, Stephen A., Patrice Gallant, and Hector-J Hébert. Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes. Moncton, N.-B.: Centre D'études Acadiennes, Université De Moncton, 1999, Print, pages 349 and 508.

[26] Re: Madeleine Larcher, Fille du Roi. Gagne, Peter J., King's Daughters and Founding Mothers: The Filles du Roi, 1663-1673, Print, Quintin Publications, January 1, 2001, pages 348 and 349.

[27] Re: baptisms of Jean and Marguerite Haché. Arch. en ligne, Charente-Maritime (La Rochelle, France), « Reg. paroissiaux, pastoraux et d’état civil », GG352, Commune La Rochelle, collection communale, régistre paroissial, baptêmes mariages sépultures, Paroisse St-Jean-du-Perrot, 1668-1680, Image 23 of 302 (first entry top left page).

http://www.archinoe.net/v2/ark:/18812/715b8087450c194b97ad21ad520bcf0b

[28] Re: Burials of Marguerite Navigan and her daughter Marguerite Hache, and mention of Jacques Gallon. Savard, Denis, Racines acadiennes – A-t-on trouvé les parents de Michel Haché-Gallant?, 6 March 2016, article, Acadienouvelle.com

https://www.acadienouvelle.com/chroniques/2016/03/06/racines-acadiennes-a-t-on-trouve-les-parents-de-michel-hache-gallant/ excerpt also available here: https://www.pressreader.com/canada/acadie-nouvelle/20160305/281771333282039

[29] Re: Esquimaude's in Acadia and a captive named Marguerite. Jesuits; Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 1853-1913, The Jesuit relations and allied documents : travels and explorations of the Jesuit missionaries in New France, 1610-1791, Volume 45, Cleveland [Ohio] : Burrows, 1899 via Internet Archive at Archive.org, pages 65-71

https://archive.org/details/jesuits45jesuuoft/page/64/mode/2up

[30] Baptism of Michel, 'sauvage', on 24 April 1668, Ancestry.com. Quebec, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1968 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2008. Original data: Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin. Accessed April 2022

https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/1091/images/d13p_25390193?pId=14899910

[31] de Vaugondy, Robert, Golfe de St. Laurent, Isle et Bancs de Terre Neuve, 1749, map, Accessed: April 2022

https://dr.library.brocku.ca/bitstream/handle/10464/10637/Golfe%20de%20St%20Laurent%201749.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

[32] Re: E-V13 Distribution map. Europedia.com, Eupedia Home > Genetics > Haplogroups (home) > Haplogroup E1b1b. Hay, Maciamo. Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA). Accessed April 2022

https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_E1b1b_Y-DNA.shtml

Re: Balkan region map. davidsbeenhere.com, Languages of the Balkans, January 2, 2015. Accessed April 2022

https://davidsbeenhere.com/2015/01/02/languages-balkans/

[33] Re: Madeleine Larcher and Elie Voisin family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Couple] record # 2571. Accessed April 2022

[34] Re: Marie Marguerite Voisin and Urbain Girard dit Langevin family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Couple] record # 5493. Accessed April 2022

[35] Re: Marie Charlotte Voisin and Jacques Batrio dit Stamand family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Couple] record # 5799. Accessed April 2022

[36] Whoareyoumadeof.com, Beginner's Guide to Shared Centimorgans, blog. Accessed April 2022

https://whoareyoumadeof.com/blog/beginners-guide-shared-centimorgans/)

[37] DNApainter.com, The Shared cM Project 4.0 tool v4, March 2020, Blaine T. Bettinger. Accessed April 2022

https://dnapainter.com/tools/sharedcmv4

[38] AncestryDNA Reference Panel, Ancestry Support, Ancestry.com. Accessed April 2022

https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/AncestryDNA-Reference-Panel?language=en_US

[39] Re: parents of Thomas Cormier and Marie Madeleine Girouard. White, Stephen A., Patrice Gallant, and Hector-J Hébert. Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes. Moncton, N.-B.: Centre D'études Acadiennes, Université De Moncton, 1999, Print, pages 401 and 718.

[40] Re: Baptism of Abraham Hache. Familysearch.org, Canada, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, Drouin Collection, Sillery Mission Saint-Joseph-de-Sillery Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures 1638-1690. Accessed April 2022

https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-899Q-SG5C?fbclid=IwAR0okF2SYg3qcEpBD6lkV1XpI0BGaN-gxDWi4fRWGtYvNXXBrKzkY9iCMac&i=53&wc=HCP9-W38%3A24881201%2C24881202%2C24881203&cc=1321742

[41] Re: Abraham Hache baptism. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, Baptism record #74765. Accessed April 2022

https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/acte/74765

[42] Re: St. Joseph Mission in Sillery. Cushner, Nicholas P., Why Have You Come Here? The Jesuits and the First Evangelization of Native America, Oxford University Press, 2006, page 152. Accessed April 2022

https://books.google.com/books?id=wmdRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=mission+st-joseph+jesuits+in+sillery+quebec&source=bl&ots=G9zgxFuarH&sig=ACfU3U1dluoso2KVmL2RwQbpVshFWudBjQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqlJG966X3AhVxhYkEHX9OAW4Q6AF6BAggEAM#v=onepage&q=mission%20st-joseph%20jesuits%20in%20sillery%20quebec&f=false

[43] Re: Recollect friar Gabriel Sagard's account of the Montagnais in Sillery. Stanley, George F.G., The First Indian "Reserves" in Canada, Revue d'histoire de l'Amerique francaise. Volume 4, Number 2, September 1950, page 178. Image 2. Accessed April 2022

https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/haf/1950-v4-n2-haf3158/801634ar.pdf

[44] Trudel, Marcel, Catalogue des immigrants, 1632-1662, Montreal : Hurtubise HMH, 1983, Volume 3, page 29. Accessed August 2022

https://archive.org/details/cataloguedesimmi0003trud/page/28/mode/2up?q=hache

[45] Re: Robert Hache listed as Marie Chapelier's cousin. Gagne, Peter J. Before the King's Daughters: The Filles a Marier, 1634-1662, Quintin Publications, 2002, Print, page 84

[46] Re: Robert noted on final baptism record for Marie Norman on 27 July 1658 in Quebec. Genealogy Quebec, www.genealogiequebec.com, LAFRANCE, Baptism record # 57684, Drouin Institute. Accessed August 2022

https://www.genealogiequebec.com/Membership/LAFRANCE/acte/57684

[47] Re: Last mention of Robert Hache. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791, Volume 9, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, pages 59 and 306.

https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.07543/316

[48] Re: Baptism of Jeanne Ouitchiouirihecoucou: Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Baptism] record # 86694. Accessed August 2022

https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/acte/86694

[49] Re: The two Robert Hache's, one a donné Jesuit and the other an Indigenous man. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791, Volume 48, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, pages 227 and 296

https://archive.org/details/jesuits48jesuuoft/page/296/mode/2up

[50] Re: Baptism of Abraham Hache, son of Robert Hache and Marie Calliope Nistuouis. Familysearch.org, Canada, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, Drouin Collection, Sillery Mission Saint-Joseph-de-Sillery Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures 1638-1690. Accessed August 2022

https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-899Q-SG5C?fbclid=IwAR0okF2SYg3qcEpBD6lkV1XpI0BGaN-gxDWi4fRWGtYvNXXBrKzkY9iCMac&i=53&wc=HCP9-W38%3A24881201%2C24881202%2C24881203&cc=1321742

[51] Re: Michel LeNeuf and Marie Denis family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Family] record # 87645. Accessed August 2022

https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/famille/87645

[52] Re: Michel LeNeuf and Renee Bertrand family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Family] record # 24288. Accessed August 2022

https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/famille/24288

[53] Re: Jacques LeNeuf and Marguerite Legardeur family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Family] record # 181. Accessed August 2022

https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/famille/181

[54] Re: Michel Callant on ship manifest of St-Jehan. Acadian-Cajun.com. Accessed August 2022.

https://acadian-cajun.com/stjehan.htm

[55] Re: Michel Callant on ship manifest of St-Jehan. "Nova Francia" Organe de la Societe d'Histoire du Canada, Volume 1, Number 1, 24 Juin 1925, page 177

https://books.google.com/books?id=6PJYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=michel+callant+st+jehan+1636&source=bl&ots=AAhT8m3ukI&sig=ACfU3U39kwDgtySEZr5Sowc-Fx_TGSYDsw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3lNWOsrD5AhVlkYkEHTipBZcQ6AF6BAgcEAM#v=onepage&q=michel%20callant%20st%20jehan%201636&f=false

Additional Sources

[A] Re: Images of yDNA, mtDNA and atDNA inheritance. Miller, Kenneth R., The Kloosterman Genealogy and Emigrants to America. kloosterman.be. Accessed April 2022

https://www.kloosterman.be/who-am-i/my-dna-origins/

[B] Re: Image of inheritance with letter blocks. Ancestry Support, Understanding Inheritance, Ancestry.com. Accessed April 2022

https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/Understanding-Inheritance?language=en_US

[C] Re: Image of inheritance with gummy bears. Bowler, Jacinta. This Simple Gummy Bear Experiment Is The Perfect Way to Teach Complex Genetics, January 16, 2021, sciencealert.com. Accessed April 2022

https://www.sciencealert.com/gummy-bear-inheritance-is-definitely-the-yummiest-way-to-learn-genetics

[D] Re: Images of trees with pedigree collapse and engogamy. The Endogamy Files: What is Endogamy? May 5 2020, thednageek.com

https://thednageek.com/the-endogamy-files-what-is-endogamy/

[E] Re: Provinces of Canada map. Immigration Canada Services, Accessed April 2022

https://www.immigrationcanadaservices.com/best-province-canada-work-study-live/

[F] Re: Nunavut map. commons.wikimedia.org, Accessed April 2022

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nunavut_regions_map.png

[F] Re: Nord-du-Quebec map, Ministère de l'Environnementet de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Portrait régional de l’eau, Nord-du-Québec (Région administrative 10), environnement.gouv.qc.ca. Accessed April 2022

https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/eau/regions/region10/10-nord-du-qc.htm

[G] Re: Michel Haché-Gallant Marker at homestead. Photographed By Cosmos Mariner, July 18, 2019. Accessed April 2022

https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=151797

[H] Re: Michel Haché dit Gallant and family. White, Stephen. Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes, Ajouts et corrections. (Last updated April 11, 2011). pdf download, pages 791-795, images 101 and 102. Accessed April 2022

https://www.umoncton.ca/umcm-ceaac/files/umcm-ceaac/wf/wf/pdf/cor-dict.pdf

[I] Bernard, Jean. Généalogie des familles acadiennes de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard, c. 1764 - c. 1900/1921, Baie de Malpèque, Î.-P.-É, 7 volumes, 2009, plus revised and updated editions, 2016, Print, Haché-Gallant family is Volume 4, two books.

Source Notes:

While most records fall under Public Domain and the Fair Use Act, I have obtained written consent to include records here and on my Facebook group from Institute Drouin for the Drouin Collection via Ancestry.com, Familysearch.org, PRDH-IDG.com, and GenealogyQuebec.com, the Canadian Research Knowledge Network for Canadiana.ca, and Mr. Stephen White for his Dictionnaire genealogies des familles acadiennes. April 2022

Treasured Trees Genealogy Services by Nicole Gallant-Nunes, Professional Genealogist

Tuesday, October 1, 2024

Saturday, September 7, 2024

The Filles du Roi Informational and Statistical Project Spreadsheet by Nicole Gallant-Nunes

Tuesday, April 26, 2022

The Possible Origins of the Acadian Michel Haché dit Gallant and the Ongoing D.N.A. Analysis of Haché/Gallant Descendants Today by Nicole Gallant-Nunes