I have tested with 23 and Me and my MT haplogroup result is U5b2a, which comes from my direct maternal line from southern Italy, but I am not assigned a Y haplogroup because I do not have a Y chromosome. While Michel did inherit his MT haplogroup from his mother, he cannot pass on that MT haplogroup since his daughters would inherit their MT haplogroups from their own mother, Anne Cormier. So, to know what Michel's MT haplogroup would have been, we would need to have solid evidence to prove that Michel had a sister who shared the same mother as him, since she would also inherit the MT haplogroup from their mother and be able to pass it down. That proven sister would then need to have a daughter, who had a daughter, who had a daughter, etc., to pass that MT haplogroup down, all the way until a woman alive today who could test her for MT haplogroup, and we just do not have that person.
The two possible sisters we have for Michel are as follows: Madeleine Larché/Larcher, the daughter born to Pierre Larché and Adrienne Langlois, who married Elie Voisin in 1668 in Quebec. The PRDH database shows that Madeleine had three children, all daughters[33]. One daughter was named Marie Marguerite who was baptized in 1670. She married Urbain Girard dit Langevin about 1685 in Quebec. They then had two children together[34]. A son named Urbain, who died at around 6 years old, and a daughter Marie Madeleine who was baptized on December 18th, 1688, in Repentigny and died just a couple of weeks later and she was buried on January 5th, 1689. Marie Marguerite Voisin died on May 10th, 1693, at just 23 years old so this was the end of Marie Marguerite Voisin's female line.
[33] Madeleine Larcher and Elie Voisin's three children
Madeleine Larché had a second daughter with Elie Voisin, named Marie Charlotte. She married Jacques Batrio dit Stamand around 1687 in Quebec and they had 4 children together[35]. They had two sons and two daughters. The first daughter, named Marie Madeleine, died at about two years old. The second daughter, named Francoise Elisabeth, was baptized in 1695 and then there is no further record of her. No marriage or burial records has been found so it is presumed she died young and that her burial record was just lost to time. Their second child Pierre, baptized in 1690, also disappears from the records in this way but considering this couple had another son they also named Pierre, baptized in 1693, it can be assumed that the first Pierre died young and that his new brother was given the name Pierre in memoriam of his sibling, which was a common tradition. So, this was the end Marie Charlotte Voisin's female line.
[35] The children of Marie Charlotte Voisin, Madeleine Larcher's second daughter
Madeleine Larché had a third daughter with Elie Voisin, but the same thing happened as I mentioned above. Their third daughter, named Renee, was baptized in 1674 and there is no further record of her so we must assume she died young as well. This effectively ends the direct female line of descendants for Madeleine Larché, possible sister of Michel. At this time, we do not know if there were more children born to Adrienne Langlois who possibly remained in France.
The second possible sister of Michel is Marguerite Haché, the daughter of Louis Haché and Marguerite Navigan/Naviguan, who was baptized in La Rochelle in 1668 at 19 months old, but she died in La Rochelle in 1672 before she could have children of her own. This is the end of Marguerite Navigan's known female line. At this time, we do not know if there were more children born to Marguerite Navigan who possibly remained in France. Hopefully, more research about these families will become known at some point but at this time we do not have a confirmed or even presumed sister for Michel to conduct MT haplogroup testing on.
Now that I have discussed Y haplogroup testing for direct male lines and mitochondrial testing for direct female lines, I want to talk a little about autosomal D.N.A. testing, which is the kind of D.N.A. results we get from companies like Ancestry, 23 and Me and other consumer companies. Autosomal D.N.A. testing is much more valuable to genealogists because more genetic information can be gathered from these results since we inherit 50% of our autosomal D.N.A. from each of our parents, who inherited 50% from each of their parents and so on. This type of testing is a great tool for finding close family members and even distant cousins, but it has limitations on how far back it can connect you to an ancestor or DNA matches, roughly 8 generations or so at very best, usually much less.
[A] The inheritance of Y DNA, Mitochondrial DNA and Autosomal DNA
[B] An example of how inheritance works via Ancestry Support, Understanding Inheritance
[C] Another example of how inheritance works by Jacinta Bowler
If you have D.N.A. tested and you look at a DNA match from your list, you will see that there is a number of centimorgans that you share with that person. When I view my relationship with my top D.N.A. match, who happens to be my son, I see that I share 3,446 centimorgans with him. Centimorgans are essentially units of genetic measurement. Think of them as we think of centimeters or inches to measure something, although the concept is slightly different for D.N.A. but that's just to give you an idea. There is a range of shared centimorgans that you would share with your parents, children, siblings, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, second cousins, etc. and the amount of centimorgans shared gets lower and lower as the connection gets further apart.
The amount of centimorgans I share with my son Looking at your shared centimorgans in common with a D.N.A. match is a great way to figure out how you may be related, but you must keep in mind that you are inheriting random bits and pieces of your parents D.N.A. (and grandparents, great-grandparents and further) and your distant cousins may not inherit the same bits and pieces from your shared ancestors due to differences in inheritance patterns. To put it into perspective, about 90% of your third cousins will share D.N.A. with you. Third cousins would share great-great-grandparents with you. At 90% of the time, that's a pretty consistent connection to find in your match list, however that percentage drops significantly just one generation back since only about half of your fourth cousins will share D.N.A. with you. Fourth cousins will share a set of great-great-great-grandparents with you. That means you will not always share D.N.A. with someone, even if you share the same ancestors just a few generations back. When you get down to the last straw connecting you by D.N.A., only 1% of your 8th cousins will share D.N.A. with you, even though you know you share common ancestors several generations back[36].
A great free tool you can use to see what relationship you may have with a D.N.A. match is the Shared cM Project tool by DNAPainter[37]. There is a chart that shows you the range of centimorgans that you can share with someone with a specific relationship to you. For example, I mentioned that I shared 3,446 centimorgans with my son. You would see that amount falls right in the middle of the range that people typically share with a parent or child, but it also tells you that the amount you share can be as low as 2,376 centimorgans and as high as 3,720 centimorgans for that known parent/child relationship. You can also input your own number into the box to see what the estimated relationship will be at that range of shared centimorgans.
[37] The Shared cM Project on DNAPainter
To give you an example, if I input 300 into the search box, I could see all the possible relationships that I might share with someone I have D.N.A. match with at 300 centimorgans. It then highlights the possibilities in the chart for me and gives me a percentage to show the likelihood of that predicted relationship being correct. It shows I have a 57% chance of matching this person at 300 centimorgans as a half great-great-niece or nephew, a half great-great aunt or uncle, a second cousin, a half first cousin one time removed or a first cousin two times removed. That does not prove my relationship to this D.N.A. match, but this can help me narrow down the possibilities. I know at 300 centimorgans that this cannot be my parent, grandparent, aunt, or uncle, for example. If you know the D.N.A. match is about the same age as you, you can rule out the possibility that they are your half-great-great aunt or uncle, and you would think they would be more likely to be your second cousin instead. There are a lot of ways to figure out predicted relationships, but this is a very helpful tool.
My Research
So now that we know a bit about D.N.A., how can we use autosomal D.N.A. to connect us to Michel and possibly help figure out his origins? Well, I have studied the D.N.A. results of hundreds of Haché/Gallant descendants today who have tested. How did I do that? I simply asked people to share their D.N.A. ethnicity results and D.N.A. matches with me so I could study and research them. When I did, something remarkably interesting has shown up. I started this research several years ago, back when the ethnicity reports provided by D.N.A. companies were still relatively broad. Some of you may have tested that long ago and noticed how precise and detailed the reports have gotten over the years. Just a few years ago in 2017, France was not even a category you could be assigned to. It was just simply included in the Europe West category or spread out into Ireland/Scotland/Wales, Great Britain and Iberian Peninsula.
My ethnicity reports from Ancestry through the years 2016-2022
Now the tests are being fine-tuned and becoming much more accurate and specific. But even back then, when the D.N.A. results were much more broadly categorized, I noticed that many Haché/Gallant descendants showed small amounts of Native American D.N.A. and if you are familiar with the history of Acadia; you know that intermarriage between the French and the Indigenous population was not too uncommon. There are many documented unions. I have several in my own family tree, so that wasn’t too surprising to see a little mix in the ethnicity reports. It actually makes me happy that those little bits of our ancestors still show up in our D.N.A. today.
As the analysis of our D.N.A. has gotten more detailed and precise, Ancestry has been able to isolate Native American D.N.A. from all the way down in South America, through Central America and the outlying islands, and up into North America. There are many categories and regions someone can be assigned to now. They have now been able to separate the North American continent into three separate categories for Indigenous Native Americans. One category is Indigenous Americas-North, which encompasses all of North America from Mexico, through the United States, to the Canadian Arctic. Indigenous Americas-North is the broadest category since it covers the whole continent, but they have also been able to separate Mexico from the continental U.S., as well as separate the Canadian Arctic and Alaska from the continental U.S. The Indigenous Americas-North category has a whopping 2,000 reference samples in their reference sample panel[38].
The Indigenous America's regions on Ancestry
The Indigenous Americas - North region on Ancestry
A reference sample is a D.N.A. sample that's collected from someone somewhere in the world with known ancestry in that same general location for at least the last several generations. Those collected samples are then used as references to compare your D.N.A. against when they run your sample. Essentially, your D.N.A. will be run through their program to calculate your ethnicity report and you will read it as “Your D.N.A. most closely resembles the people in this panel who we know have ancestry from -this region- for at least the last several generations” and they will assign that portion of your D.N.A. to that country or category.
Ancestry's reference sample database has an incredible amount of Indigenous American samples to compare our D.N.A. against. Over 41% of their reference sample panel is made up of Indigenous American samples with 23,507 Indigenous samples out of 56, 580 samples total from all over the world. Indigenous Cuba has 3,408 reference samples from people with Indigenous roots from that small island. They actually have more reference samples from Cuba than they do for all of Germanic Europe, which is a vast region! They also have some very specific regions and genetic communities within the Indigenous America's categories that you could potentially be assigned to which is amazing.
[38] Reference sample panel of Indigenous America's regions
The Indigenous Mexico category for North America has 697 reference samples from people whose Native American ancestry has been in the area of Mexico and the southwestern U.S. for the last several generations. Then there is the Indigenous Arctic category. Ancestry has managed to collect 36 reference samples from people living in the arctic with known Indigenous ancestry from that region for at least the last few generations. These people are from some pretty remote populations.
The region covered by the Indigenous Arctic region on Ancestry
What I found most interesting over the last few years when Ancestry has been able to separate these indigenous samples into distinct regions is that a lot, and I mean a lot, of Haché/Gallant descendants were showing traces of Native American, Indigenous Americas-North and more specifically, Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. How in the world did that get there? How is it connected to our Haché/Gallant lineage? I asked myself those very questions, and I began digging.
I descend through 4 of Michel’s children: Pierre, Francois, Jacques, and Louise. My great-grandparents, two-times great-grandparents, three-times great-grandparents and four-times great-grandparents were all Gallant’s who married each other. They were all distant cousins to each other, but they still all descended from Michel, so I knew I had to look at other people’s results to get a better picture. So, I reached out to these other Haché/Gallant D.N.A. matches and I introduced myself. I explained that I was a genealogist and that I was particularly interested in their Haché/Gallant lines, as well as their Indigenous Americas-North/Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. results. They offered to share their results with me, and I researched the lines of a couple dozen people to start, which has grown to hundreds of results currently.
Examples of Haché/Gallant descendants through several different children of Michel's showing Indigenous Arctic D.N.A.
Each of the matches I examined had Haché/Gallant ancestry not too far back in their family trees. I specifically looked for people who descended through different children of Michel’s. He had twelve children with Anne Cormier, so ideally, I wanted to track down someone’s D.N.A. who had descended through each child. I started with my own D.N.A. matches and made sure I could find people descended from each of the four children of Michel's that I descend from. I then asked to see the D.N.A. results and D.N.A. matches of people descending from the other children of Michel that I did not have in my own tree. Sure enough, I was able to find descendants of most of Michel’s children alive today and many of them showed the Indigenous Arctic ethnicity result. It was more common to see the Indigenous Arctic result or Indigenous America's-North result if they had a lot of Haché/Gallant intermarriage in their tree. I usually did not see those results show up consistently in people who only one or two Haché/Gallant lines much further back in their tree.
I then thought about how interconnected Acadians are. We are a very endogamous population and most of us share many of the same ancestors. How do we know that this Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. didn’t come from a different shared relative? I didn’t at first, so I examined my own tree and noted my other known Indigenous lines where I may have inherited this D.N.A. from and I then compared it to the documented trees of my DNA matches and various other people with Haché/Gallant ancestry and we didn’t often share the same known Indigenous ancestors. Occasionally I would see one of my known Indigenous ancestors in someone else's tree but very rarely. Perhaps one tree out of twenty, for example. In many cases, these other people didn’t have any other documented Native American ancestors in their tree.
[D] Pedigree collapse vs. Endogamy in a family tree
The only consistent connection I could find was through the Haché/Gallant line. The reason I emphasized documented trees before is because anyone can create a family tree. It is quite easy to go onto a genealogy site, like Ancestry, and input the information you know about your family and then add more generations going back, but how do we know their tree is correct? What if someone has built their tree based on a random public family tree they stumbled across, many of which contain errors? How would you know their tree is correct according to the paper trails at least? Well, I had to examine their existing trees for validity or sometimes build their family trees myself if they hadn't started one yet. I wanted to make sure that, in terms of paper trails, they had the right information leading back to these Haché/Gallant ancestors.
I am sure there are genealogists and researchers that would say “but autosomal D.N.A. can’t connect you to an ancestor that many generations back” and I would agree. It is highly unlikely that one Native American ancestor several generations back would be able to contribute to your D.N.A. today. It should have diluted out by now, especially if your most recent relatives were predominantly European like mine were. However, they likely aren’t taking into account the endogamy and pedigree collapse of most Acadians. We usually do not descend through one ancestor just once. We typically descend through one ancestor several times. My own tree is a perfect example with several generations of Gallant's intermarrying. This was actually very common. The D.N.A. that should have diluted out by the time it reached my generation has been carried down and reinfused into my D.N.A. over and over again, as is the case of so many others.
Can I say that the Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. many of the Haché/Gallant descendants, show today can be concretely proven to come from Michel? No. Can I say that thousands of Haché/Gallant descendants show Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. today and there is no other way to explain it except for the fact that we all descend from Michel Haché dit Gallant? Yes.
In my own D.N.A. match list, I found many D.N.A. matches ranging from fourth to distant cousins who are 100% Indigenous Arctic, sharing anywhere from 50 centimorgans down to 6 centimorgans with me, and by many, I mean hundreds by now. New 100% Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. matches show up almost weekly in my match list. Some are from Indigenous communities in Newfoundland and Labrador. Some are from the Northwest Territories and some more distant matches are even from Alaska, but I would say a solid 95% of them are from Nunavut and Nord-du-Quebec.
Examples of fourth to distance D.N.A. cousins who are 100% Indigenous Arctic
[E] The provinces of Canada
I have reached out to many of these matches and most who replied or agreed to chat with me were self-identified Inuit people who knew their ancestry to only be Inuit for several generations preceding themselves. None of the matches I have spoken to knew of any European ancestors in their family trees. Many of them have told me they had lived in Inuit communities their whole lives, as did their parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc. The only connection we shared in common was the Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. In looking through the D.N.A. match lists of other Haché/Gallant descendants, I found many of these same people in their D.N.A. match lists, with no other way of connecting them to the people who tested. So many of us shared these same 100% Inuit D.N.A. matches and we all share these Haché/Gallant lines. What exactly is the connection?
One theory I have is that these predominantly Inuit D.N.A. matches descend through a sibling or half-sibling of Michel’s. Perhaps that sibling stayed within the Indigenous community for the rest of their lives and their descendants intermarried within the Indigenous population, while Michel was adopted into the French community as a child, or he made his way into the French community as an adult. For many of us, Michel is several generations back in our family trees. If you descend through just one line from Michel, it is less likely that you would show any Indigenous D.N.A. from him today, but for those of us related to him several times, many of us still show that D.N.A. in relatively small amounts, usually under 5%.
[F] Maps of Nunavut and Nord-du-Quebec with the most common locations of the 100% Indigenous Arctic DNA matches marked with a red star Another possibility is that there was a non-biological event somewhere in the Haché/Gallant line, but as I mentioned previously, I made sure to find descendants from most of Michel’s children to compare D.N.A. with. Let’s say I only noticed this Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. in descendants of Michel’s son Francois, but not in descendants of Michel's other children. That would make me believe that it wasn’t Michel himself that had this Indigenous ancestry but that it was likely picked up in just Francois’s lineage or somewhere through one of his children, but that wasn’t the case. The Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. was noted in most of Michel’s descendants through different children, which means it either came from Michel or from his wife Anne. Researchers are confident about Anne Cormier’s origins, so I believe we can rule her out as the possible contributor. Her father was Thomas Cormier, born in France to Robert Cormier and Marie Péraud, and her mother was Marie Madeleine Girouard, daughter of Francois Girouard and Jeanne Aucoin[39].
There is no reason to believe that Anne was genetically anything other than French or at least fully European, but if we can have the same skepticism about Michel's origins, we have to say that it is also possible that Anne could have had some unknown ancestry. Remember I talked earlier about non-biological events possibly happening. I checked some of the French D.N.A. projects on FamilyTreeDNA to see if there was a MT haplogroup sample from a direct female descendant of Anne's but I couldn't find one listed. If any of you descend from Anne Cormier directly through your maternal line, please let me know. You would have to be someone whose mothers', mothers', mothers', etc., direct line leads back to Anne. It must be through mother to daughter connection to pass down that MT D.N.A.
Another possibility is that Michel took an Indigenous 'wife' at some point and had a child or children with this woman. Those children would have likely remained with their mother within the Indigenous community and carried down a connection to Michel all those generations earlier but again, we have no proof of this either.
The Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. has now become like a signature/hallmark/fingerprint, call it what you will, of Haché/Gallant ancestry. As of now, there have been about thirty clients I have helped with their family trees who had no idea they had Haché/Gallant ancestry at first. I would notice the Indigenous Arctic in their ethnicity results, and I would ask them where that may have come from with no explanation to their knowledge, only to find out later through research that they had a close relationship to a Haché/Gallant. I have even helped adoptees or people with non-biological events in their family trees find their biological Haché/Gallant ancestry with the help of the Indigenous Arctic D.N.A. or the E-V13 Y haplogroup.
Does all this prove that Michel was partly Indigenous and likely had some biological origins to the Canadian Arctic? Not conclusively, but with such a strong correlation found, it is definitely something that should be researched further. As of now, I do not know of any other large-scale research into the D.N.A. analysis of Michel’s descendants so hopefully this article will bring about insight from other genealogists and researchers to possibly collaborate our efforts into a more professional study at some point in the future.
Just in the last decade alone, the field of genetic genealogy has skyrocketed into the mainstream. People are using D.N.A. and online genealogy databases to locate their biological families every day from the comfort of their own homes. Records and documents are being digitized and uploaded to genealogy databases to make so much more information available to people all across the world when location and distance used to hinder research substantially. I always tell people that was is a dead-end today could be solved tomorrow thanks to all the technology we have access to now.
Through the work of genealogists and researchers that have come before me, each of us tend to lean a bit more towards one theory of Michel's origins than another. Honestly, I can see the potential in all of these possibilities for being plausible in regards to who his father was. I can see how his father may have been Pierre Larché, Louis Haché or some other European man in Acadia at the time, however I'm steadfast in the belief that his mother was more than likely Indigenous for the reasons I explained with my D.N.A. research. Do you have a theory in mind that you think might be more plausible than the others? Really think about it for a minute. Are you sure that theory is the best choice? Because just for fun, I am going to throw one more theory into the mix here.
This other possibility is essentially a variation of theory number three, where Michel could be the son of a French or European man and an Indigenous woman. In searching for other children baptized in Quebec with the surname Haché or Larché, I came across a baptism record for a boy named Abraham Hache on October 16th, 1667, in Sillery, Quebec written in Latin[40]. What is interesting is that Abraham was baptized in Sillery at St-Joseph's Jesuit mission, which was a mission established to bring Christianity to the Indigenous population in the area, including many Montagnais people. You may remember I mentioned previously that the term 'Eskimaude' may have been the term that the French used when referring to the Montagnais, also called Innu. Since we have seen the surname Hache in connection to French men in Acadia, could Abraham's father, listed as Roberto Hache in Latin (Robert), be French or European and his mother, listed as Maria Calliopa Nistaouis in Latin (Marie Calliope), be indigenous?
When the record is translated from Latin, this baptism does not specifically say they were Indigenous, although the records from that mission in the surrounding years are predominantly for Indigenous people. The spelling of the names of the witnesses also leads us to believe they were Indigenous. The exceptionally reliable Canadian database PRDH (Programme de recherche en démographie historique) notes that Abraham and both of his parents as Amerindien/Amerindienne, which is another French term for Native American[41]. With Abraham Hache being born sometime around 1667 (the record does not mention his age at baptism), it could fit in the timeframe of Michel Haché dit Gallant's birth around 1660 to 1664, although Michel reported he was born in Acadia on census records. Could this family have moved from Acadia to Quebec around that time for some reason, just as the Indigenous population in Quebec were moving away from Sillery at that time?
[41] Transcription of Abraham Hache's baptism record
In the book "Why Have You Come Here?" an excerpt from page 152 reads "Disease, fire, Iroquois attacks and cultural tradition combined to empty the village of the 120 Christian Indians that lived there in 1646. By the 1660's, the Jesuits in Sillery were caring for the French settlers of the village, the Indians having long abandoned the site"[42], but we know that records were still being recorded for the mission after 1660, including Abraham's baptism in 1667, so this book is not entirely accurate on that account since records show there were Indigenous people recording life events, such as baptisms, at this mission in Sillery at this time. The description of the Indigenous population in the vicinity of Sillery were noted as Montagnais by Recollect friar Gabriel Sagard[43]. Sillery is located about 80 miles from Trois-Rivieres where our Michel may have been baptized as an 8-year-old boy in 1668. Could this be Michel's biological family moving around and trying to find a good place to settle and raise their family? Do you think this theory might have some merit? Have I made you rethink your earlier choice of possible theories for Michel's origins?
You can see why genealogists cannot agree on just one theory for Michel’s origins. Just as soon as you think one scenario fits, you realize that it can be easily dismissed or debunked by a simple fact or another theory. You move on to the next scenario and think “Well, this seems to fit” only to be shown a way that it doesn’t quite match up perfectly. This happens over and over again. So, the real question is, what would it take to prove Michel’s true origins once and for all? We would have to locate human remains from that time period, prove that those remains are Michel's and conduct further D.N.A. testing. As much as I would hate to disturb the final resting places of our ancestors, the genealogist in me would love to be able to see the results of these tests if they ever take place. If this endeavor were proposed, there would likely be issues with legality, ethicality, religion, cost and so many other ramifications so who knows if that will ever actually happen, but one can hope!
Many people who aren’t interested in genealogy will often say, “Who cares? That’s so far in the past. What difference does any of this make?” and the honest answer is, I suppose it doesn’t really matter in the broad sense of things. Does knowing Michel’s origins change our lives in any way? Probably not. But deep down, many of us have a desire to know where we come from and to know all the little parts that make us....us! The fact that Michel has so many descendants alive today is incredible. You can’t help but wonder if he and Anne sat together overlooking their homestead in Port Lajoie in their old age and could even begin to imagine the legacy they would leave behind.
[G] Haché dit Gallant historical site. Photo credit: Cosmos Mariner, July 18, 2019
Acadians are such a passionate and close-knit group. We care deeply about our ancestry and those who came before us. We are always searching for our connections to others and welcome everyone as family, no matter how distant the relation. We have a desire to know the intricate details of our ancestors’ lives; not just the names and dates, but the trials and tribulations, the overwhelming joy, and the heartache they experienced. It makes them more human, and it makes us, as their descendants, more appreciative of the fact that we are beyond fortunate to be here. The Acadian Expulsion was a horrific time for our ancestors. When you really understand the depths of what they went through, you really come to understand what a miracle it is that any of us are here today. To say we come from immensely hardy stock is an understatement.
Acadian flag. Vive l'Acadie!
In closing, this is why documented paper trails, in combination with D.N.A. testing, are so valuable to genealogy. When we look at the world today, we know that non-biological events happen in families all the time, whether it be through adoption or extramarital relations, so we would be naïve to think that these situations didn’t happen in our family trees in the past as well. Following only the documented paper trails can cause you to miss valuable evidence within our D.N.A. that we never would have known existed. I can follow up with a few more examples of how DNA testing has helped shed some light on the origins of some other Acadian families at another time since I wanted to focus mostly on Michel right now, but the science of D.N.A. testing has been incredibly helpful to genealogists in so many ways and it just keeps progressing. I would love to see some clarification as to Michel's origins in my lifetime, and I have a feeling someday, maybe many generations from now with the use of technology that hasn't even been invented yet, our own descendants will be able to know the truth once and for all. They may look back on us and laugh at all the theories we have researched up to this point.
Genealogy is not a solitary pursuit, nor should it be. It is a venture that should be collaborated on and widely shared in order for everyone to gain the most from the tireless research undertaken. When we really think about how interconnected we all are at a fundamental level, we realize it truly takes a village to piece together the lives of these amazing ancestors and preserve their mark on history with our dedication to finding the truth.
***Note: The following Additional Theories portion has been added to this article in August 2022 to very briefly touch upon a few other frequently circulated theories to Michel's origins. I do plan to add more information at a later time.
Additional Theory # 1
Michel may be the son of Robert Hache from France. Robert arrived in Quebec in 1633 and he was a Jesuit donné (someone who signs a contract with the Jesuits to help the priests and brothers with their missionary work) [44]. He worked primarily with the Indigenous population so one theory is he may have conceived Michel with an Indigenous woman. The Jesuit journals mention Robert Hache several times and he is recorded on over twenty records for baptisms and marriages within Quebec, mostly in Trois-Rivieres and Sillery. It's believed that he is a cousin of Marie Chapelier, second wife of Robert Drouin (also my ancestors) [45]. Robert Hache was present at their marriage contract on 26 November 1649 and their marriage took place three days later in Quebec. The last record citing Robert Hache was on a record is on 27 July 1658 in Notre-Dame-de-Quebec[46]. On 12 September 1659, the Jesuits mention him for the last time stating "Item: as for Robert Hache, it was decided that he should go away or come to an understanding with the other données"[47]. Did Robert leave because of a conflict with his fellow missionary workers? Could he have made his way to Acadia where our Michel was born sometime between 1660-1664? We have no record of this but it's a theory worth mentioning.
Additional Theory # 2
Michel may be the son of Jeanne Ouitchiouirihecoucou/Tchimewrinou, an Indigenous woman baptized in Trois-Rivieres on 29 January 1636 at 17 years old [48]. This would make her born around 1619. What makes us think this woman could possibly be Michel's mother? I'm not sure. It may have something to do with the fact that the witness/godfather at her baptism is named Robert Hache. This is the same Robert Hache I just mentioned. With no known connection to Robert Hache or Michel Haché dit Gallant, perhaps someone just assumed there was a link to the men because of the surname. We know Michel reports several times on census records that he was born in Acadia. We have no record of Jeanne ever being outside of Quebec, in fact we have no further record of her at all except for this baptism. We don't know if she married or had children. Many times when someone's mother isn't known, she is given an honorific name to show respect, rather than just saying "unknown mother". Marie, Jeanne and Anne are traditionally the most common names given in these cases so perhaps 'Jeanne' was given as an honorific name to Michel's mother and then someone concluded that she must be Jeanne Tchimewrinou? Possibly, but we do not know of any connection between Jeanne and Michel.
Additional Theory # 3
Michel may be the son of Robert Hache, an Indigenous man in Quebec who happens to have the same name as Robert Hache, the French missionary, however the Jesuits and genealogists are sure they are two separate men [49]. This Robert may or may not have been fully Indigenous himself. Perhaps he had a French father and an Indigenous mother? If that was the case, Michel could have inherited his non-native haplogroup from Robert. This Indigenous Robert Hache had a son Abraham whom I mentioned in my research article. Abraham was baptized in Sillery on 16 October 1667 [50]. His father is listed as Robert Hache and his mother is Marie Calliope Nistuouis. They are all noted as Amerindien/Amerindienne. Michel Haché dit Gallant may have been baptized in Trois-Rivieres in 1668 when he was 8 years old so this fits that same time-frame. We have no records to connect this Robert to Michel at this time.
Additional Theory # 4
Michel may be the illegitimate son of Michel LeNeuf. I'm not sure how this theory came about but perhaps it was because our Michel was living with Michel LeNeuf in his family on the 1686 Beaubassin census and they were considered close confidants. To see if there was anything to the theory I decided to try to track down the LeNeuf Y haplogroup but unfortunately there are no male descendants of Michel LeNeuf alive today to test to compare to Michel Haché dit Gallant's Y haplogroup of E-V13. Michel LeNeuf and his wife Marie Denis had seven children, four boys and three girls [51]. The first three boys named Alexandre, Jacques and Jean Baptiste all died without marrying or presumably fathering children. The fourth son, Michel, married Renee Bertrand but they only had two daughters so no male to carry down the haplogroup information [52].
Michel LeNeuf's parents were Jacques LeNeuf and Marguerite Lagardeur Darpentigny. They had three children, two were daughters and one son Michel so there are no other brothers to carry on the Y haplogroup inherited from him [53]. I'm sure we could track down brothers of more distant LeNeuf ancestors but I didn't go too crazy with that research because there's really no reason to believe Michel Haché dit Gallant was biologically a LeNeuf.
Additional Theory # 5
Michel may be the son of Michel Callant who was listed as a passenger on the St-Jehan, a ship that arrived in Acadia from La Rochelle, France in 1636 [54] [55]. He was noted as a laborer from Chinon, France, located northeast of La Rochelle. No further mention of Michel Callant can be found so it was presumed he returned to France at some point or died before the first Acadian census recorded in 1671. The same first name and similar spelling of the surname may be the reason he is included as a possible theory but I can find no connection between them.
I do not put much weight behind any of these additional five theories which are widely circulated with no conclusive proof. When we know so little about an ancestors origins, we tend to make desperate attempts to make something 'fit' but the only consistent evidence of his origins that I find are the DNA results from hundreds, if not thousands, of Michel's descendants leading us to believe that he has some degree of Indigenous ancestry.
Afterword
I hope this article has been informative and helpful. I would like to show deep gratitude and appreciation to all the experienced genealogists and researchers who have come before me and paved the way.
You can email me at treasuredtreesbynicole@gmail.com with questions, comments, thoughts, suggestions for corrections, requests for more information or to participate in my ongoing D.N.A. research of Haché/Gallant descendants.
If you would like to join the Facebook group ‘Descendants of Michel Haché dit Gallant and other Acadians', we would love to have you. I ask that if you share this article, in part or in its entirety, that you please be sure to include my name and contact information so others will be able to reach me and know where this information has originated. Thank you!
Contact Information for Nicole Gallant-Nunes
Email: treasuredtreesbynicole@gmail.com
Facebook group 'Descendants of Michel Hache dit Gallant and other Acadians': https://www.facebook.com/groups/481995026864126
Article: progenealogistnicole@blogspot.com
My article can also be found in the following locations:
Je Me Souviens, a publication of the American French Genealogical Society, Volume 45, Number 3, July-September 2022 edition. Published April 2023
Le Forum, a publication of the Franco-American Center at the University of Maine in their Summer/Été 2022 edition, Volume 44, #2, pages 31-46.
The Acadian genealogy database in the research center of the Acadian Museum in Miscouche, PEI
Acadian.org under Home>Genealogy>Families>Gallant article by Nicole Nunes
A link to my blog on Michel Hache dit Gallant's profile on Wikitree as source # 1 https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Hach%C3%A9-60
A link to my blog on Acadian Reliable Sources page on Wikitree, under Secondary Sources > Family Specific Research
https://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Space:Acadians_Project_Reliable_Sources&public=1
A link to my blog on Nosorigines.qc.ca under Michel Hache dit Gallant's profile under 'Biography' https://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/GenealogieQuebec.aspx?genealogie=Hache_Michel&pid=628334 .
Nicole Gallant-Nunes
Sources and Citations
Note: Some links to records do require a free or paid membership to view however, I tried to offer as many free options as possible.
[1] Map, Acadia in the 17th century, acadian.org
https://www.acadian.org/definitions.html
[2] Re: Michel L'Archer dit Galan, godfather, baptism of Cecile (Indigenous) (left page, second record from bottom) and Michel LeNeuf dit La Valliere, godfather, baptism of Indigenous child (Left page, fourth record from the bottom) and the baptism of his own daughter Barbe LeNeuf (right page, fifth record from the top). GenealogyQuebec.com, Drouin Collection records folder > Acadie > Lieux de A a' Q > Acadie et Gaspesie > 1680-1756, image # d1p_31400849.jpg. Accessed April 2022
https://www.genealogiequebec.com/membership/voir.aspx?id=H:/Registres/Acadie/Lieux%20de%20A%20%C3%A0%20W/Acadie%20et%20Gasp%C3%A9sie/1680-1756/d1p_31400849.jpg
[3] Re: Michel L'Archer dit Galan, godfather at the baptism of Marie Madeleine Mercier, Archives Publiques Canada, Acadie et Gaspesie, 1679-1686, 1751-1757. Registres de l'etat-civil. Catholique. (F.M. 9, B 8, volume 1), Parish registers: Nova Scotia, C-3021, Image 17. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c3021/17
[4] Re: Michel Haché dit Gallant's arrest of Jean Campagna. Yarmouth Vanguard, Jean Campagna, The Sorcerer, Tuesday, May 29, 1990, Le Musée des Acadiens des Pubnicos et Centre de recherche is owned and operated by the Société historique acadienne de Pubnico-Ouest. Accessed April 2022
https://museeacadien.ca/en/jean-campagna-the-sorcerer/
[5] Re: Description of Michel. Rameau de Saint-Pere, Edme. Une Colonie Féodale en Amérique L'Acadie (1604-1881), Wentworth Press (July 30, 2018), Print, page 171.
https://books.google.co.zm/books?id=ZrTW1dEWkkcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[6] Re: Michel Haché dit Gallant, witness to the marriage of Guyon/Dion Chiasson and his second wife Marie Madeleine Martin. White, Stephen A., Patrice Gallant, and Hector-J Hébert. Dictionnaire généalogique des familles Acadiennes. Moncton, N.-B.: Centre D'études Acadiennes, Université De Moncton, 1999, Print, page 349.
[7] Re: Michel Haché dit Gallant, godfather at the baptism of Angelique Chiasson. Canada, Québec, registres paroissiaux catholiques, 1621-1979," database with images, FamilySearch.org, Localités multiples > Localités multiples > Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures 1662-1848 > image 294 of 1689; Archives Nationales du Quebec (National Archives of Quebec), Montreal. Images 293 and 294 of 1689. Accessed April 2022
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G99S-FHHP?i=293&cc=1321742&cat=48643
[8] 1686 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Image 51 of 312, Re: Michel Larché. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/51
[9] 1693 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Image 104 of 312, Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/104
[10] 1698 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Images 144 and 145 of 312, Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/144
[11] 1700 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Images 144 and 145 of 312, Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/171
[12] 1701 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Image 203 of 312, Re: Michel Achée. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/203
[13] 1703 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Image 219 of 312, Re: Galan. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/219
[14] 1714 Beaubassin census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2572, Images 144 and 145 of 312, Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2572/254
[15] 1715 Beaubassin Inhabitants present at the Proclamation of the King of England to the Crown on March 28, 1715 Men only. Acadie, 1715 census, Public Archives Canada, Colonial Offices, Nova Scotia "A" Vetch and Cauffield, 1715, MG II N.S. "A" Vol. 6. Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, Original Correspondence (CO 217) : C-9120, Image 651 of 1770. Re: Michel Haché. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c9120/651
[16] 1728 Port LaJoie, Isle-St-Jean census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2574, Image 236 of 709, Re: Michel Haché Galand. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2574/236
[17] 1730 Port LaJoie, Isle-St-Jean census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2574, Image 243 of 709, Re: Michel Galand. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2574/243
[18] 1734 Port Lajoie, Isle-St-Jean census, Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2574, Image 260 of 709, Re: Michel Hachée. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2574/260
[19] 1735 Port Lajoie, Isle-St-Jean census: Library and Archives Canada, Archives des colonies: Serie G 1 - 2572, Dépôt des papiers publics des colonies; état civil et recensements : Série G 1 : Recensements et documents divers : C-2574, Image 236 of 709, Re: Michel Hache Galand. Accessed April 2022
https://heritage.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.lac_reel_c2574/271
[20] Re: Three marriages of Haché children. anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr, Canada, Ile Saint-Jean (Port-La-Joye) 1735. Accessed April 2022
http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/caomec2/osd.php?territoire=CANADA&commune=ILE%20SAINT-JEAN%20(PORT-LA-JOYE)&annee=1735
[21] Re: Michel Haché burial. Registres Photographies aux Archives d'Ottawa, Ont., 1721 a 1751, Ile St. Jean registers via Ancestry.com. Accessed April 2022
https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/155822545/person/112056491329/media/b6ae92b8-906f-47e8-8dab-9fd16225fe2d?_phsrc=CUL52678&_phstart=successSource
[22] Re: Madeleine Larcher marriage to Elie Voisin. Ancestry.com. Quebec, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1968 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2008. Original data:Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin. Accessed April 2022
https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/62016168:1091?tid=&pid=&queryId=9cfb593e972afc3b6e6c5a7afbdbfb2b&_phsrc=CUL52701&_phstart=successSource
[23] Re: Madeleine Larcher, Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Couple] record # 5493. Accessed April 2022
[24] Re: Madeleine Larcher arrival and ship information. Migrations.fr. Filles Du Roi > L
https://www.migrations.fr/700fillesduroy_3.htm#L
[25] Re: Marie Madeleine Martin and her Acadian husbands. White, Stephen A., Patrice Gallant, and Hector-J Hébert. Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes. Moncton, N.-B.: Centre D'études Acadiennes, Université De Moncton, 1999, Print, pages 349 and 508.
[26] Re: Madeleine Larcher, Fille du Roi. Gagne, Peter J., King's Daughters and Founding Mothers: The Filles du Roi, 1663-1673, Print, Quintin Publications, January 1, 2001, pages 348 and 349.
[27] Re: baptisms of Jean and Marguerite Haché. Arch. en ligne, Charente-Maritime (La Rochelle, France), « Reg. paroissiaux, pastoraux et d’état civil », GG352, Commune La Rochelle, collection communale, régistre paroissial, baptêmes mariages sépultures, Paroisse St-Jean-du-Perrot, 1668-1680, Image 23 of 302 (first entry top left page).
http://www.archinoe.net/v2/ark:/18812/715b8087450c194b97ad21ad520bcf0b
[28] Re: Burials of Marguerite Navigan and her daughter Marguerite Hache, and mention of Jacques Gallon. Savard, Denis, Racines acadiennes – A-t-on trouvé les parents de Michel Haché-Gallant?, 6 March 2016, article, Acadienouvelle.com
https://www.acadienouvelle.com/chroniques/2016/03/06/racines-acadiennes-a-t-on-trouve-les-parents-de-michel-hache-gallant/ excerpt also available here: https://www.pressreader.com/canada/acadie-nouvelle/20160305/281771333282039
[29] Re: Esquimaude's in Acadia and a captive named Marguerite. Jesuits; Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 1853-1913, The Jesuit relations and allied documents : travels and explorations of the Jesuit missionaries in New France, 1610-1791, Volume 45, Cleveland [Ohio] : Burrows, 1899 via Internet Archive at Archive.org, pages 65-71
https://archive.org/details/jesuits45jesuuoft/page/64/mode/2up
[30] Baptism of Michel, 'sauvage', on 24 April 1668, Ancestry.com. Quebec, Canada, Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1621-1968 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2008. Original data: Gabriel Drouin, comp. Drouin Collection. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Institut Généalogique Drouin. Accessed April 2022
https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/1091/images/d13p_25390193?pId=14899910
[31] de Vaugondy, Robert, Golfe de St. Laurent, Isle et Bancs de Terre Neuve, 1749, map, Accessed: April 2022
https://dr.library.brocku.ca/bitstream/handle/10464/10637/Golfe%20de%20St%20Laurent%201749.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
[32] Re: E-V13 Distribution map. Europedia.com, Eupedia Home > Genetics > Haplogroups (home) > Haplogroup E1b1b. Hay, Maciamo. Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA). Accessed April 2022
https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_E1b1b_Y-DNA.shtml
Re: Balkan region map. davidsbeenhere.com, Languages of the Balkans, January 2, 2015. Accessed April 2022
https://davidsbeenhere.com/2015/01/02/languages-balkans/
[33] Re: Madeleine Larcher and Elie Voisin family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Couple] record # 2571. Accessed April 2022
[34] Re: Marie Marguerite Voisin and Urbain Girard dit Langevin family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Couple] record # 5493. Accessed April 2022
[35] Re: Marie Charlotte Voisin and Jacques Batrio dit Stamand family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Couple] record # 5799. Accessed April 2022
[36] Whoareyoumadeof.com, Beginner's Guide to Shared Centimorgans, blog. Accessed April 2022
https://whoareyoumadeof.com/blog/beginners-guide-shared-centimorgans/)
[37] DNApainter.com, The Shared cM Project 4.0 tool v4, March 2020, Blaine T. Bettinger. Accessed April 2022
https://dnapainter.com/tools/sharedcmv4
[38] AncestryDNA Reference Panel, Ancestry Support, Ancestry.com. Accessed April 2022
https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/AncestryDNA-Reference-Panel?language=en_US
[39] Re: parents of Thomas Cormier and Marie Madeleine Girouard. White, Stephen A., Patrice Gallant, and Hector-J Hébert. Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes. Moncton, N.-B.: Centre D'études Acadiennes, Université De Moncton, 1999, Print, pages 401 and 718.
[40] Re: Baptism of Abraham Hache. Familysearch.org, Canada, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, Drouin Collection, Sillery Mission Saint-Joseph-de-Sillery Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures 1638-1690. Accessed April 2022
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-899Q-SG5C?fbclid=IwAR0okF2SYg3qcEpBD6lkV1XpI0BGaN-gxDWi4fRWGtYvNXXBrKzkY9iCMac&i=53&wc=HCP9-W38%3A24881201%2C24881202%2C24881203&cc=1321742
[41] Re: Abraham Hache baptism. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, Baptism record #74765. Accessed April 2022
https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/acte/74765
[42] Re: St. Joseph Mission in Sillery. Cushner, Nicholas P., Why Have You Come Here? The Jesuits and the First Evangelization of Native America, Oxford University Press, 2006, page 152. Accessed April 2022
https://books.google.com/books?id=wmdRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=mission+st-joseph+jesuits+in+sillery+quebec&source=bl&ots=G9zgxFuarH&sig=ACfU3U1dluoso2KVmL2RwQbpVshFWudBjQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqlJG966X3AhVxhYkEHX9OAW4Q6AF6BAggEAM#v=onepage&q=mission%20st-joseph%20jesuits%20in%20sillery%20quebec&f=false
[43] Re: Recollect friar Gabriel Sagard's account of the Montagnais in Sillery. Stanley, George F.G., The First Indian "Reserves" in Canada, Revue d'histoire de l'Amerique francaise. Volume 4, Number 2, September 1950, page 178. Image 2. Accessed April 2022
https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/haf/1950-v4-n2-haf3158/801634ar.pdf
[44] Trudel, Marcel, Catalogue des immigrants, 1632-1662, Montreal : Hurtubise HMH, 1983, Volume 3, page 29. Accessed August 2022
https://archive.org/details/cataloguedesimmi0003trud/page/28/mode/2up?q=hache
[45] Re: Robert Hache listed as Marie Chapelier's cousin. Gagne, Peter J. Before the King's Daughters: The Filles a Marier, 1634-1662, Quintin Publications, 2002, Print, page 84
[46] Re: Robert noted on final baptism record for Marie Norman on 27 July 1658 in Quebec. Genealogy Quebec, www.genealogiequebec.com, LAFRANCE, Baptism record # 57684, Drouin Institute. Accessed August 2022
https://www.genealogiequebec.com/Membership/LAFRANCE/acte/57684
[47] Re: Last mention of Robert Hache. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791, Volume 9, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, pages 59 and 306.
https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.07543/316
[48] Re: Baptism of Jeanne Ouitchiouirihecoucou: Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Baptism] record # 86694. Accessed August 2022
https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/acte/86694
[49] Re: The two Robert Hache's, one a donné Jesuit and the other an Indigenous man. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791, Volume 48, edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, pages 227 and 296
https://archive.org/details/jesuits48jesuuoft/page/296/mode/2up
[50] Re: Baptism of Abraham Hache, son of Robert Hache and Marie Calliope Nistuouis. Familysearch.org, Canada, Quebec Catholic Parish Registers, 1621-1979, Drouin Collection, Sillery Mission Saint-Joseph-de-Sillery Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures 1638-1690. Accessed August 2022
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-899Q-SG5C?fbclid=IwAR0okF2SYg3qcEpBD6lkV1XpI0BGaN-gxDWi4fRWGtYvNXXBrKzkY9iCMac&i=53&wc=HCP9-W38%3A24881201%2C24881202%2C24881203&cc=1321742
[51] Re: Michel LeNeuf and Marie Denis family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Family] record # 87645. Accessed August 2022
https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/famille/87645
[52] Re: Michel LeNeuf and Renee Bertrand family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Family] record # 24288. Accessed August 2022
https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/famille/24288
[53] Re: Jacques LeNeuf and Marguerite Legardeur family. Programme de recherche en démographie historique of the Université de Montréal, prdh-idg.com, [Family] record # 181. Accessed August 2022
https://www.prdh-igd.com/Membership/en/PRDH/famille/181
[54] Re: Michel Callant on ship manifest of St-Jehan. Acadian-Cajun.com. Accessed August 2022.
https://acadian-cajun.com/stjehan.htm
[55] Re: Michel Callant on ship manifest of St-Jehan. "Nova Francia" Organe de la Societe d'Histoire du Canada, Volume 1, Number 1, 24 Juin 1925, page 177
https://books.google.com/books?id=6PJYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=michel+callant+st+jehan+1636&source=bl&ots=AAhT8m3ukI&sig=ACfU3U39kwDgtySEZr5Sowc-Fx_TGSYDsw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3lNWOsrD5AhVlkYkEHTipBZcQ6AF6BAgcEAM#v=onepage&q=michel%20callant%20st%20jehan%201636&f=false
Additional Sources
[A] Re: Images of yDNA, mtDNA and atDNA inheritance. Miller, Kenneth R., The Kloosterman Genealogy and Emigrants to America. kloosterman.be. Accessed April 2022
https://www.kloosterman.be/who-am-i/my-dna-origins/
[B] Re: Image of inheritance with letter blocks. Ancestry Support, Understanding Inheritance, Ancestry.com. Accessed April 2022
https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/Understanding-Inheritance?language=en_US
[C] Re: Image of inheritance with gummy bears. Bowler, Jacinta. This Simple Gummy Bear Experiment Is The Perfect Way to Teach Complex Genetics, January 16, 2021, sciencealert.com. Accessed April 2022
https://www.sciencealert.com/gummy-bear-inheritance-is-definitely-the-yummiest-way-to-learn-genetics
[D] Re: Images of trees with pedigree collapse and engogamy. The Endogamy Files: What is Endogamy? May 5 2020, thednageek.com
https://thednageek.com/the-endogamy-files-what-is-endogamy/
[E] Re: Provinces of Canada map. Immigration Canada Services, Accessed April 2022
https://www.immigrationcanadaservices.com/best-province-canada-work-study-live/
[F] Re: Nunavut map. commons.wikimedia.org, Accessed April 2022
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nunavut_regions_map.png
[F] Re: Nord-du-Quebec map, Ministère de l'Environnementet de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Portrait régional de l’eau, Nord-du-Québec (Région administrative 10), environnement.gouv.qc.ca. Accessed April 2022
https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/eau/regions/region10/10-nord-du-qc.htm
[G] Re: Michel Haché-Gallant Marker at homestead. Photographed By Cosmos Mariner, July 18, 2019. Accessed April 2022
https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=151797
[H] Re: Michel Haché dit Gallant and family. White, Stephen. Dictionnaire généalogique des familles acadiennes, Ajouts et corrections. (Last updated April 11, 2011). pdf download, pages 791-795, images 101 and 102. Accessed April 2022
https://www.umoncton.ca/umcm-ceaac/files/umcm-ceaac/wf/wf/pdf/cor-dict.pdf
[I] Bernard, Jean. Généalogie des familles acadiennes de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard, c. 1764 - c. 1900/1921, Baie de Malpèque, Î.-P.-É, 7 volumes, 2009, plus revised and updated editions, 2016, Print, Haché-Gallant family is Volume 4, two books.
Source Notes:
While most records fall under Public Domain and the Fair Use Act, I have obtained written consent to include records here and on my Facebook group from Institute Drouin for the Drouin Collection via Ancestry.com, Familysearch.org, PRDH-IDG.com, and GenealogyQuebec.com, the Canadian Research Knowledge Network for Canadiana.ca, and Mr. Stephen White for his Dictionnaire genealogies des familles acadiennes. April 2022
© 2022 Nicole Gallant-Nunes. All rights reserved.
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